Alternative reproductive tactics

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Preface......Page 11
1.1.2 Reproductive......Page 13
1.2 Where, when, and why do we expect to find arts?......Page 15
1.3.2 Flexibility......Page 17
1.3.3 Origin of variation......Page 18
1.4 Integrating across levels: proximate and ultimate causes of arts......Page 22
1.5 Current issueswhat are the questions we need to solve?......Page 24
References......Page 25
Part I Ultimate causes and origins of alternative reproductive tactics......Page 35
2.1 Introduction......Page 37
2.2.1 Crossing fitness curves and selection......Page 41
2.2.2 Two types of disruptive selection: alternative phenotypes competing for the same or different resources......Page 45
2.3 Evolution of underlying mechanisms......Page 48
2.4 Evolution of tactic flexibility......Page 49
2.5 Evolution of dimorphism......Page 50
2.6 Evolution of tactic frequencies......Page 51
2.6.3 Conflict over morph frequencies......Page 52
2.6.5 Equal reproductive value for alternative morphs......Page 53
2.7 Overview......Page 54
References......Page 55
3.1.1 The role of phylogenetic studies in the behavioral sciences......Page 64
3.1.2 The ongoing revolution in phylogenetics......Page 65
3.1.3 Mapping behavioral character evolution in phylogenies......Page 66
3.2.1 Patterns of the evolution of ARTs in blennies, wrasses, and salmonids......Page 67
3.2.2 Instability and recurrent evolution of ARTs......Page 68
References......Page 72
4.2 Underlying bases for ARTs: genetic, developmental, and behavioral......Page 75
4.3.2 Empirical issues......Page 78
(2) Environmental conditions......Page 79
(3 and 4) Frequency- and density-dependence......Page 80
4.3.3 Incorporating all five factorsan example......Page 82
4.3.4 Graded signalsan extension of the model......Page 83
4.4 How detailed should a model be?......Page 86
4.5.1 The original model......Page 87
Mating success......Page 88
4.5.2 Graded signalsan extension of  the model......Page 90
References......Page 91
Part II Proximate mechanisms of alternative reproductive tactics......Page 95
5.1 Introduction......Page 97
5.2 Alternative reproductive tactics as threshold traits......Page 98
5.3 Anatomy of a threshold mechanism......Page 99
5.4.1 Evolution of sensory apparatus and cues......Page 101
5.4.2 Evolution of the threshold......Page 102
5.4.3 Evolution of downstream processes......Page 103
5.5 An examplealternative male mating tactics in horned beetles......Page 104
5.5.2 Evolution of the threshold......Page 106
5.5.3 Evolution of downstream processes......Page 107
5.6 Hormones, thresholds, and genetic correlations among traits......Page 110
References......Page 111
6.1 Introduction: divergent life-history trajectories......Page 121
6.2 Neural mechanisms of ARTs: the chemical language of the preoptic area......Page 122
6.3.1 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone......Page 125
6.3.2 Arginine vasotocin......Page 128
6.4 Neurosteroids and aromatase......Page 132
References......Page 137
7.1.1 Setting the scene......Page 144
7.1.2 Who's in the ARTs ark?......Page 145
7.2 Profiles of alternative reproductive phenotypes......Page 146
7.3.1 Neural structural reorganization versus biochemical switching......Page 149
7.3.3 Endocrine candidates: sex hormones, glucocorticoids, and neuropeptides......Page 150
7.4.1 Testing the relative plasticity hypothesis: the first prediction......Page 151
7.4.2 Testing the relative plasticity hypothesis: the second prediction......Page 165
7.4.3 Beyond the relative plasticity hypothesis: the "making of" alternative phenotypes......Page 168
Hormones and differences between alternative phenotypes in gonadal allocation......Page 169
7.5 Stress, glucocorticoid levels, and ARTs......Page 170
7.6 Beyond hormone profiles: focusing on target tissues......Page 173
7.8 Differential costs in endocrine-mediated ARTs......Page 174
7.9 Conclusions and prospects for future research......Page 175
References......Page 176
Part III Taxonomic reviews of alternative reproductive tactics......Page 187
8.1 The problem......Page 189
8.2 Patterns of ARTs in insects......Page 199
(a) Fighter vs. disperser......Page 200
(a) Advertise vs. search, sneak, or satellite......Page 201
Traveling to where mates occur......Page 202
(a) Territorial vs. transient, satellite, or sneak......Page 203
(b) Male dominance vs. transient, satellite, or sneak......Page 204
(c) Nonterritorial waiting vs. patrolling: alternative searching tactics......Page 205
(b) Courtship vs. no courtship (forced copulation)......Page 206
(a) Mate guarding vs. mate searching......Page 208
8.3.1 Diversity of ARTs in insects......Page 209
8.3.2 Sedentary, high-investment vs. dispersing, low-investment ARTs......Page 210
8.3.4 Phylogeny of insect ARTs......Page 214
8.3.5 Threshold mechanisms and the heritability of insect ARTs......Page 215
8.3.6 Disruptive selection and the evolution of ARTs......Page 217
8.3.8 Equality of fitness among ARTs......Page 219
8.3.9 Frequency-dependent selection and ARTs......Page 220
References......Page 221
9.1 Introduction......Page 236
9.2 Sexual selection and the mating niche......Page 242
9.3 The expression of alternative mating strategies......Page 243
9.4 Mendelian strategies......Page 250
9.5 Developmental strategies......Page 252
9.6 Behavioral strategies......Page 254
References......Page 256
10.1 Why are ARTs so prominent in fish?......Page 263
10.2 Adaptations to sperm competition......Page 267
10.3 Maintenance of ARTs in a population......Page 268
10.3.1 Pattern......Page 274
10.3.2 Mechanism......Page 276
10.3.3 Evolution......Page 278
10.4.1 Skew in access to matings......Page 282
10.4.3 Skew in reproductive success......Page 283
10.5 The role of female behavior in male ARTs......Page 284
10.6 ARTs in female fish......Page 286
10.7 Future research......Page 288
References......Page 290
11.1 Introduction......Page 312
11.2 Alternative mating tactics in frogs......Page 313
Caller-satellites......Page 314
Multimale spawning......Page 318
Switching versus staying......Page 320
11.3 Alternative mating tactics in salamanders......Page 321
11.3.2 Sexual interference and female mimicry......Page 325
11.3.3 Tactics associated with resource defense......Page 330
11.4.1 Operational sex ratio and amphibian alternative tactics......Page 333
11.4.2 Phylogeny, fertilization mode, and amphibian alternative tactics......Page 334
11.5 Future research......Page 335
Acknowledgments......Page 336
References......Page 337
12.2 Alternative male tactics......Page 344
12.3 Variance in reproductive success within strategies......Page 347
12.4 Alternative female tactics......Page 348
12.5 Adaptive gender adjustment......Page 349
12.6 Breaking down the gender barrier in alternative reproductive tactics......Page 350
References......Page 351
13.1 Introduction......Page 355
13.2 Alternative strategies......Page 356
13.3 Conditional strategy with alternative tactics......Page 360
13.4 Interactions between the sexes......Page 363
References......Page 364
14.1 Introduction......Page 368
14.2.2 Resource-defense polygyny......Page 369
14.2.3 Leks, territories, and satellites......Page 373
14.2.4 Territoriality versus wandering......Page 374
14.2.6 Pursuit or satellite......Page 375
14.2.7 Alliances and coalitions......Page 377
14.2.9 An example of genetic polymorphism......Page 378
14.3.2 Distribution and abundance of food......Page 379
14.3.3 Density......Page 380
References......Page 381
15.1 Introduction......Page 385
15.2 Assessing Arts......Page 386
Group membership versus incursions......Page 387
Dispersal decisions......Page 392
Obtaining a harem......Page 394
Surreptitious mating......Page 395
Coercion versus female choice......Page 396
15.3.3 Post-mating ARTs in male primates......Page 397
Selection......Page 398
15.4.2 Mating ARTs in female primates......Page 399
15.4.4 Determination, plasticity, and selection of ARTs in female primates......Page 400
Acknowledgments......Page 401
References......Page 402
Part IV Emerging perspectives on alternative reproductive tactics......Page 411
16.1.1 Bourgeois, sneaker, female-mimicking, and cooperative males......Page 413
16.2.1 Eavesdropping......Page 414
Eavesdroppers have both fitness costs and benefits......Page 415
Signaling behavior in relation to eavesdropping pressure......Page 416
Receiving behavior in relation to eavesdropping pressure......Page 418
Signaling to bourgeois males and females......Page 420
Receiving signals from bourgeois males and females......Page 422
Signaling to bourgeois, cooperative, and parasitic males......Page 425
16.4 Integrative approach and future directions......Page 427
References......Page 428
17.1 Introduction......Page 433
17.2 Genetic benefits and parasitic life history......Page 434
17.3 An optimization model for female choice......Page 435
17.3.1 Sexual conflict over paternity......Page 436
17.4.1 Parentage analysis......Page 438
17.4.2 Parental care......Page 439
17.4.4 Female mate choice......Page 440
17.5 Discussion......Page 441
17.6 Future research......Page 442
References......Page 443
18.1 Introduction......Page 447
18.2 Alternative reproductive tactics may lead to conflict between the sexes......Page 448
18.3 Interactions between the sexes can affect alternative reproductive tactics......Page 449
18.4.1 Male alternative reproductive tactics lead to conflict between the sexes in the European bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus)......Page 451
18.4.3 Male and female alternatives drive conflict within and between the sexes in the dunnock, Prunella modularis......Page 452
18.4.4 Interactions within and between the sexes allow the coexistence of male and female alternative reproductive morphs in the side-blotched lizard , Uta stansburiana......Page 453
18.4.5 Future directions for empirical research......Page 454
18.5 Female Alternative Reproductive Tactics......Page 455
18.6 Moving Forward In Our Understanding Of Alternative Reproductive Tactics......Page 456
References......Page 457
19.1 Introduction......Page 463
19.2.1 Fitness consequences of helping by nonbreeders......Page 464
19.2.3 Frequency dependence......Page 465
19.2.4 Within-group reproduction by helpers......Page 467
19.2.5 Extra-pair and extra-group reproduction by males......Page 468
19.2.6 Intraspecific brood parasitism by females......Page 469
19.3 Cooperative polygamy and mate sharing as ARTs......Page 471
19.3.1 Male mate-sharing systems......Page 472
19.3.2 Female mate-sharing systems......Page 473
19.4.1 Reproductive skew......Page 474
19.4.2 ARTs as an alternative theoretical framework......Page 475
19.5 Conclusion......Page 476
References......Page 477
20.1.1 Categories of ARTs......Page 483
20.1.2 Crossing fitness curves and beyondthe importance of modeling......Page 484
20.1.3 Equality of fitness?......Page 485
20.1.6 Information is important......Page 486
20.1.8 Origin and evolution of ARTs......Page 487
20.2.1 The control, origin, and evolution of complex phenotypes (suites of characters)......Page 488
20.2.2 The proximate causes of ARTs and functional genomics......Page 489
20.2.3 Behavioral syndromes......Page 490
20.2.4 The role of ARTs in speciation......Page 491
20.3.1 ARTs in conservation......Page 492
20.3.2 ARTs in pest management......Page 493
References......Page 494
Index of species......Page 502
Subject index......Page 507