Alloys and Metals

Preface
Contents
1 Introduction and overview
	1.1 Historic, ancient
	1.2 Large-scale use
	1.3 Eighteenth and nineteenth century discoveries
	1.4 Modern, niche uses
	1.5 Modern, major use metals
	1.6 Recycling and re-use
2 Copper
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Refining and isolation
	2.3 Uses
		2.3.1 Piping
		2.3.2 Wiring and machinery
		2.3.3 Coinage
	2.4 Bronze
	2.5 Brass
	2.6 Other alloys
	2.7 Possible substitutes
	2.8 Recycling
3 Tin
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Refining and isolation
	3.3 Tin, uses and applications
		3.3.1 Solders
		3.3.2 Plating
		3.3.3 Niobium–tin
		3.3.4 Glass production
		3.3.5 Tin in polyvinyl chloride
	3.4 Possible substitutes
	3.5 Recycling
4 Zinc
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Refining and isolation
	4.3 Uses
		4.3.1 Galvanizing
		4.3.2 Nickel silver
		4.3.3 Solders
		4.3.4 Paint pigments
		4.3.5 Sacrificial anodes
		4.3.6 Batteries
	4.4 Possible substitutes
	4.5 Recycling
5 Pewter
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Production
	5.3 History and traditional uses
	5.4 Modern applications
	5.5 Recycling
6 Gold
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Refining and isolation
	6.3 The carat system – 18, 14, 12, 10 Carat
	6.4 Uses
		6.4.1 Jewelry
		6.4.2 Investment coins
		6.4.3 Electronics
	6.5 White gold
	6.6 Possible substitutes
	6.7 Recycling
7 Silver
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Refining and isolation
	7.3 Uses
		7.3.1 Jewelry
		7.3.2 Silverware
		7.3.3 Investment coins
		7.3.4 Photography
		7.3.5 Batteries
		7.3.6 Electronics
		7.3.7 Ethylene oxide
	7.4 Possible substitutes
	7.5 Recycling
8 Iron and steel
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Ore sources
	8.3 Steel production
	8.4 Uses of iron and steel
	8.5 By-product production
	8.6 Recycling
9 Platinum group metals
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Sources, refining and isolation
	9.3 Uses
		9.3.1 Ruthenium
		9.3.2 Osmium
		9.3.3 Rhodium
		9.3.4 Iridium
		9.3.5 Palladium
		9.3.6 Platinum
	9.4 Possible substitutes
	9.5 Recycling
10 Nickel
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Refining and isolation
	10.3 Uses
		10.3.1 Steels
		10.3.2 Superalloys
		10.3.3 Shape memory alloys
		10.3.4 Plating
		10.3.5 Nickels
	10.4 Possible substitutes
	10.5 Recycling
11 Aluminum
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Refining and isolation, the Hall–Heroult process
	11.3 Uses
	11.4 Possible substitutes
	11.5 Recycling
12 Titanium
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Location and sources
	12.3 Refining and isolation
		12.3.1 The Kroll process
		12.3.2 The Hunter process
	12.4 Uses
		12.4.1 High strength alloys
		12.4.2 Pigments, titanium white or titanium dioxide
	12.5 Possible substitutes
	12.6 Recycling
13 Magnesium
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Refining and isolation
	13.3 Uses
		13.3.1 Elemental magnesium
		13.3.2 Magnesium–aluminumalloys
		13.3.3 Castings
		13.3.4 Automotive
		13.3.5 Aerospace
		13.3.6 Electronic
	13.4 Possible substitutes
	13.5 Recycling
14 Uranium and thorium
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Refining and isolation
		14.2.1 Uranium isolation and refining
		14.2.2 Thorium isolation and refining
	14.3 Uses
		14.3.1 Power generation
		14.3.2 Weaponry
		14.3.3 Compounds and uses
	14.4 Possible substitutes
	14.5 Recycling
15 Americium
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Refining and isolation
	15.3 Uses
		15.3.1 Smoke detectors
		15.3.2 Other uses
	15.4 Recycling
16 Mercury
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Refining and isolation
	16.3 Uses
		16.3.1 Chlor-alkali process
		16.3.2 Barometers and thermometers
		16.3.3 Amalgams and compounds
	16.4 Possible substitutes
	16.5 Recycling
17 Lanthanides
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Refining and isolation
	17.3 Uses
		17.3.1 Catalysts
		17.3.2 Magnets, Nd2Fe14B, plus SmCo5 and Sm2Co17
		17.3.3 Alloys
		17.3.4 Heavy rare earth element uses
	17.4 Possible substitutes
	17.5 Recycling
18 Lead
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 History
	18.3 Refining and isolation
	18.4 Uses
		18.4.1 Batteries
		18.4.2 Construction material
		18.4.3 Ammunition, hunting and military
		18.4.4 Alloys
	18.5 Possible substitutes
	18.6 Recycling
19 Tungsten
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Refining and isolation
	19.3 Uses
		19.3.1 Carbide parts
		19.3.2 High-strength alloys
	19.4 Possible substitutes
	19.5 Recycling
20 Tantalum and niobium
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Refining and isolation
	20.3 Uses
		20.3.1 Major uses
		20.3.2 Wiring and magnets
		20.3.3 Niobium coinage
	20.4 Possible substitutes
	20.5 Recycling
21 Sodium
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Refining and isolation
		21.2.1 Downs cell
		21.2.2 Chlor-alkali process
	21.3 Uses
		21.3.1 Sodium borohydride
		21.3.2 Sodium azide, NaN3
		21.3.3 Triphenylphosphine, P(C6H5)3
		21.3.4 Reactor moderator material
		21.3.5 Alloying agent
		21.3.6 Sodium vapor lamps
	21.4 Recycling
22 Lithium
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Refining and isolation
	22.3 Uses
		22.3.1 Lightweight alloys
		22.3.2 Batteries
	22.4 Possible substitutes
	22.5 Recycling
Index