Alkali Activated Fly Ash: Blast Furnace Slag Composites

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Authors
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 Introduction to Alkali-Activated Composites and Historical Developments
	1.2 Advantages of Alkali-Activated Fly ash–Blast Furnace Slag Composites
	1.3 Applications
	1.4 Future Prospect as a Green Sustainable Material
Chapter 2: Polymerization and Microstructure of Alkali-Activated Composites
	2.1 Preamble
	2.2 Polymerization
		2.2.1 Degree of Polymerization
		2.2.2 Non-evaporable Water
		2.2.3 Silicate Polymerization
		2.2.4 Kinetics of Alkali-Activated Polymerization
		2.2.5 Pore Solution Chemistry
		2.2.6 Polymer Gels
		2.2.7 Selectivity of Activators
	2.3 Status of Recent Research Work
		2.3.1 Reactivity of Precursors with Variation of Base Materials and Alkali
			John L. Provis and Jannie S.J. van Deventer [76]
			Hua Xu and J.S.J. Van Deventer [77]
			P. De Silva, K. Sagoe-Crenstil, and V. Sirivivatnanon [78]
			Ubolluk Rattanasak and Prinya Chindaprasirt [79]
			Ailar Hajimohammadi, John L. Provis, and Jannie S.J. van Deventer [80]
			Sindhunata, J.S.J. van Deventer, G.C. Lukey, and H. Xu [81]
			Sanjay Kumar and Rakesh Kumar [82]
			Wang S.D. and Scrivener K.L [83]
			Shi and Day [84]
		2.3.2 Parametric Study on the Performance of Alkali-Activated Composites
			Gum Sung Ryu, Young Bok Lee, Kyung Taek Koh, and Young Soo Chung [85]
			Dimitrios Panias, Ioanna P. Giannopoulou, and Theodora Perraki [86]
			Gökhan Görhan and Gökhan Kürklü [87]
			Peter Duxson, John L. Provis, Grant C. Lukey, Seth W. Mallicoat, Waltraud M. Kriven, and Jannie S.J. van Deventer [88]
			Prinya Chindaprasirt, Pre De Silva, Kwesi Sagoe-Crentsil, and Sakonwan Hanjitsuwan [89]
			Ravindra N. Thakur and Somnath Ghosh [90]
			Behzad Nematollahi and Jay Sanjayan [91]
			Mohammed Nadeem Qureshi and Somnath Ghosh [92]
			Maochieh Chi [93]
			Susan A. Bernal, Ruby Mejía de Gutiérrez, Alba L. Pedraza, John L. Provis, Erich D. Rodriguez, and Silvio Delvasto [94]
			Vladimir Zˇivica [95]
			Susan A. Bernal, Rackel San Nicolas, Jannie S.J. van Deventer, and John L. Provis [96]
			Serdar Aydın and Bülent Baradan [97]
		2.3.3 Alkali-Activated Composites with a Supplementary Calcium Compound
			Wei-Chien Wang, Her-Yung Wang, and Ming-Hung Lo [98]
			Tanakorn Phoo-ngernkham, Akihiro Maegawa, Naoki Mishima, Shigemitsu Hatanaka, and Prinya Chindaprasirt [99]
			N. Marjanović, M. Komljenović, Z. Baščarević, and V. Nikolić, R. Petrović [100]
			J.G. Jang, N.K. Lee and H.K. Lee [101]
		2.3.4 Durability of Alkali-Activated Composites
			Susan A. Bernal, Ruby Mejía de Gutiérrez a, and John L. [ 102 ]
			H.M. Khater [ 103 ]
			N.K. Lee and H.K. Lee [ 104 ]
		2.3.5 Sulphate Resistance of Alkali-Activated Composites
			M. Komljenovic, Z. Baščarević, N. Marjanović, and V. Nikolić[105]
			T. Bakhareva, J.G. Sanjayana, and Y.-B. Cheng [106]
			Maurice Guerrieri, Jay Sanjayan, and Frank Collins [107]
			Pavel Rovnaník, Patrik Bayer, and Pavla Rovnaníková (Rovnaník, Pavel, Patrik Bayer, and Pavla Rovnaníková) [108]
		2.3.6 Summary
Chapter 3: Physical, Mechanical, and Microstructural Properties of Alkali-Activated Paste and Mortar
	3.1 Preamble
	3.2 Source Materials
		3.2.1 Fly Ash
		3.2.2 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)
		3.2.3 Activator Solution
	3.3 Manufacturing Process of Blended AACs
	3.4 Testing Procedures and Characterization of Blended AACs
		3.4.1 Workability/Flow
		3.4.2 Setting Time Measurement
		3.4.3 Bulk Density and Apparent Porosity
		3.4.4 Water Absorption
		3.4.5 Water Sorptivity
		3.4.6 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV)
		3.4.7 Compressive Strength
		3.4.8 Physical Changes and Optical Microscopy
		3.4.9 XRD Analysis
		3.4.10 SEM and EDX Analysis
		3.4.11 MIP Test
		3.4.12 TGA and DTA
		3.4.13 FTIR
	3.5 Experimental Investigation of Blended AACs
		3.5.1 Preamble
		3.5.2 Scope of Work
			3.5.2.1 Study on the Effect of Addition of GGBS on Blended AACs
			3.5.2.2 Study on the Effect of Synthesis Parameters on Blended AACs
			3.5.2.3 Study on the Efect of Addition of GGBS and Synthesis Parameters on Blended AACs in the Fresh State
		3.5.3 Study on Variation of Slag and Synthesis Parameters on Blended AACs
			3.5.3.1 Mix Proportions
			3.5.3.2 Tests Conducted
	3.6 Results and Discussion
		3.6.1 Preamble
		3.6.2 Engineering Properties of AACs in the Fresh State
			3.6.2.1 Workability/Flow
			3.6.2.2 Setting Time
		3.6.3 Hardened Properties of Blended AAC Effect of Synthesis Parameters on AACs Containing Fly Ash and Slag
			3.6.3.1 Effect of Variation of Slag
			3.6.3.2 Effect of Alkali Content
			3.6.3.3 Effect of Silica Content
			3.6.3.4 Effect of Water Content
			3.6.3.5 Effect of Curing (Thermal and Water Curing)
			3.6.3.6 Effect of Fineness of Slag
			3.6.3.7 Water Sorptivity
Chapter 4: Durability of Alkali-Activated Paste and Mortar
	4.1 Preamble
	4.2 Experimental Investigation of Fly Ash–Slag Blended AACs
		4.2.1 Study on Physico-Mechanical Properties of AACs Exposed to Elevated Temperature
		4.2.2 Study on AACs Exposed to Acid Attack
		4.2.3 Study on AACs Exposed to Sulphate Attack
		4.2.4 Study on Properties of Fly Ash–Slag Blended AACs Exposed to Elevated Temperature
			4.2.4.1 Mix Proportions
			4.2.4.2 Tests Conducted
			4.2.4.3 Study on the Properties of AAC Specimens Exposed to Acid Attack
			4.2.4.4 Test Conducted
		4.2.5 Study on Properties of Blended AACs Exposed to Sulphate Attack
			4.2.5.1 Mix Proportions
			4.2.5.2 Test Conducted
	4.3 Results and Discussion
		4.3.1 Blended AACs Exposed to Elevated Temperature
			4.3.1.1 Test Series-1: Effect of Slag Content
			4.3.1.2 Test Series-2: Effect of Alkali Content
			4.3.1.3 Test Series-3: Effect of Silica Content
			4.3.1.4 Test Series-4: Effect of Water Content
			4.3.1.5 Visual Observations
			4.3.1.6 Bulk Density, Apparent Porosity, and Water Absorption
			4.3.1.7 Weight Loss Measurements by TGA/DTA Analysis
			4.3.1.8 Compressive Strength
			4.3.1.9 Microstructure Study by SEM/EDAX
		4.3.2 Durability of Fly Ash–Slag AACs Exposed to Sulphuric Acid
			4.3.2.1 Visual Appearance
			4.3.2.2 Weight Changes
			4.3.2.3 Residual Compressive Strength
			4.3.2.4 Microstructure Study by SEM/EDAX
		4.3.3 Durability of Fly Ash–Slag AACs Exposed to Nitric Acid Solution
			4.3.3.1 Visual Appearance
			4.3.3.2 Weight Change
			4.3.3.3 Residual Compressive Strength
		4.3.4 Durability of Fly Ash-Based AACs Exposed to Magnesium Sulphate Solution
			4.3.4.1 Visual Appearance
			4.3.4.2 Weight Change
			4.3.4.3 Relationship of Weight Gain and Apparent Porosity
			4.3.4.4 Residual Compressive Strength
			4.3.4.5 Relationship of Residual Compressive Strength and Apparent Porosity
			4.3.4.6 Microstructure Study by SEM/EDAX
		4.3.5 Durability of Fly Ash–Slag AAC Specimens Exposed to Sodium Sulphate Solution
			4.3.5.1 Visual Appearance
			4.3.5.2 Weight Change
			4.3.5.3 Relationship of Weight Gain and Apparent Porosity
			4.3.5.4 Residual Compressive Strength
			4.3.5.5 Microstructure Study by SEM/EDAX
Chapter 5: Prediction Model and Mix Design Methodology of Fly Ash–Slag Alkali-Activated Composites
	5.1 Preamble
	5.2 Development of Empirical Relationships for Predicting Compressive Strength of Fly Ash–Slag AACs
		5.2.1 Empirical Relationship between Alkali Content and Compressive Strength
		5.2.2 Empirical Relationship between Silica Content and Compressive Strength
		5.2.3 Empirical Relationship between Compressive Strength and Water Content
		5.2.4 Prediction of Compressive Strength of the Alkali-Activated Slag Composite
		5.2.5 Relationship between Slag Content and Compressive Strength
		5.2.6 Multiplying Factors for Curing Temperature and Curing Duration
		5.2.7 Multiplying Factors for Different Fineness of Slag
	5.3 Prediction Model
		5.3.1 Validation of the Prediction Model
	5.4 Mix Design Method
		5.4.1 Parameters in Mix Proportioning
			5.4.1.1 Fly Ash
			5.4.1.2 Slag
			5.4.1.3 Composition of Activator Solution
			5.4.1.4 Water Content
			5.4.1.5 Curing Conditions
			5.4.1.6 Procedure for Mix Design
		5.4.2 Mix Design Example
References
Appendix
Index