Algorithmic Discrimination and Ethical Perspective of Artificial Intelligence

Acknowledgements
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
Part I Introduction
1 The Interaction of Artificial Intelligence and Legal Regulations: Social and Economic Perspectives
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Algorithms and the Possibility of Algorithmic Bias
	1.3 AI Systems with Fair, Accountable, and Transparent Perspective
	1.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Expectations
	References
Part II Prohibition of Discrimination in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
2 Socio-political Analysis of AI-Based Discrimination in the Meta-surveillance Universe
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 A New Type of Surveillance: Meta-surveillance
	2.3 Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Judicial Sector
	2.4 Digital/Algorithmic Discrimination
	2.5 The Role of Human Rights and Equality Institutions Combating Against Digital Discrimination
	2.6 A New Type of Bias: Robophobia
	2.7 Conclusion
	References
3 Rethinking Non-discrimination Law in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
	3.1 Introduction: Non-discrimination and Its Legal Grounds
	3.2 New Dimensions of Non-discrimination Emerge with AI
	3.3 The Need for Explainable AI Systems
	3.4 The Responsibilities of the State and the Need for a New Legislative Framework
	3.5 Recent Regulatory Developments on AI in Europe
	3.6 AI Compliance Mechanisms and AI Governance
	3.7 New Procedural Rights to Discuss
	3.8 Regulatory Scenery in Turkey
	3.9 Conclusion
	References
4 Regulating AI Against Discrimination: From Data Protection Legislation to AI-Specific Measures
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Data Processing Through AI and ADM Systems
		4.2.1 Definitions of AI and ADM
		4.2.2 The Point Where AI, ADM, and the Right to Data Protection Intersect
		4.2.3 Benefits and Risks Associated with ADM Systems
	4.3 GDPR Against Discriminatory AI and ADM Systems
		4.3.1 Specific Regulations on AI and ADM
		4.3.2 CoE’s Recommendation on Human Rights Impacts of Algorithmic Systems
		4.3.3 UNESCO’s Regulation on Ethics of Artificial Intelligence
		4.3.4 CoE’s Ad Hoc Committee on Artificial Intelligence (CAHAI)
		4.3.5 Proposal for Artificial Intelligence Act
	4.4 Conclusion
	References
5 Can the Right to Explanation in GDPR Be a Remedy for Algorithmic Discrimination?
	5.1 Introduction: Algorithms and Risks in General
	5.2 EU’s General Data Protection Regulation and “Right to Explanation” Concept
		5.2.1 Brief Overview of Articles 13, 14, 15 of the GDPR
		5.2.2 Examination of Article 22 of GDPR
		5.2.3 Article 22/2 of GDPR
		5.2.4 Article 22/3 of GDPR
		5.2.5 Article 22/4 of GDPR
	5.3 Conflict with Intellectual Property and Protection of Trade Secrets
	5.4 Conclusion and Evaluation
	References
Part III Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Terms of Criminal Law
6 Sufficiency of Struggling with the Current Criminal Law Rules on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Crime
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The Concept of Artificial Intelligence
	6.3 The Question of Whether Artificial Intelligence Can Be a Legal Person
	6.4 Opinions on Whether Artificial Intelligence Can Have Legal Personhood
		6.4.1 Opinions that Support Artificial Intelligence Can Have Legal Personhood
		6.4.2 Opinions that Support Artificial Intelligence Cannot Have Legal Personhood
		6.4.3 The Relationship of Artificial Intelligence and Crime
	6.5 Conclusion and Evaluation in Terms of Turkish Law
	References
7 Prevention of Discrimination in the Practices of Predictive Policing
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Predictive Policing
	7.3 Use of Artificial Intelligence in Predictive Policing
	7.4 Prohibition of Discrimination
	7.5 The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Predictive Policing and the Prohibition of Discrimination
	7.6 What the Future of Turkey Tells Us?
	References
8 Issues that May Arise from Usage of AI Technologies in Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Current and Possible Issues
		8.2.1 Discrimination and Bias
		8.2.2 Issues Surrounding Transparency, Accountability, and the Right to a Fair Trial
		8.2.3 Issues Surrounding Presumption of Innocence
		8.2.4 Protection of Personal Data Issues and Data Minimization
	8.3 Cyber-Attacks
	8.4 Technical Challenges
	8.5 Conclusion
	References
Part VI Evaluation of the Interaction of Law and Artificial Intelligence Within Different Application Areas
9 Artificial Intelligence and Prohibition of Discrimination from the Perspective of Private Law
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Defining Discrimination
	9.3 Private Law and Prohibition of Discrimination
	9.4 Private Law Sanctions Against Discrimination
		9.4.1 Nullity
		9.4.2 Compensation
		9.4.3 Obligation to Contract
		9.4.4 Burden of Proof
	9.5 Artificial Intelligence and Discrimination
	9.6 AI-Induced Discrimination and Its Consequences in Terms of Private Law
		9.6.1 The Black-Box Problem
		9.6.2 Sanctions Against AI-Induced Discrimination
		9.6.3 Who is Liable for AI-Induced Discrimination?
	9.7 Conclusion
	References
10 Legal Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Situations Where Artificial Intelligence May Cause Discrimination Among Patients
	10.3 Liability for Decisions Made Due to Artificial Intelligence
	10.4 Conclusion
	References
11 The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Social Rights
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Social Protection
	11.3 Employment
	11.4 Problems Related to the Lack of Digital Skills
	11.5 Conclusion
	References
12 A Review: Detection of Discrimination and Hate Speech Shared on Social Media Platforms Using Artificial Intelligence Methods
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Literature
	12.3 Social Media
	12.4 Using Artificial Intelligence Methods
		12.4.1 Natural Language Processing (NLP)
		12.4.2 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
		12.4.3 Support Vector Machine (SVM)
		12.4.4 Decision Tree (DT)
		12.4.5 Logistic Regression (LR)
		12.4.6 Random Forest Classifier (RF)
		12.4.7 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
		12.4.8 FastText
		12.4.9 Sequence to Sequence (Seq2Seq)
	12.5 Conclusion
	References
13 The New Era: Transforming Healthcare Quality with Artificial Intelligence
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Artificial Intelligence in Health Care
	13.3 The Future of Digitalization and Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
	13.4 The Quality in Health Care with Artificial Intelligence
	13.5 AI in the Health Care Safety: Opportunities and Challenges
	13.6 Approaches to Achieving Safety in AI
	13.7 General Situation in Türkiye
		13.7.1 EMRAM (Electronic Medical Record Adoption Model)
		13.7.2 E-Nabız (Personal Health System)
		13.7.3 Family Physician Information System (AHBS)
		13.7.4 Decision Support System (KDS)
		13.7.5 Central Physician Appointment System (MHRS)
		13.7.6 Medula
	13.8 Conclusion
	References
14 Managing Artificial Intelligence Algorithmic Discrimination: The Internal Audit Function Role
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Objective and Research Methodology
	14.3 Related Review of Literature
		14.3.1 Algorithms
		14.3.2 Risks
		14.3.3 Governance
		14.3.4 Internal Audit Function
		14.3.5 Bibliometric Analysis
	14.4 Conclusion and Recommendations
	Appendix
	References
Author Index
Subject Index