Alginates in Drug Delivery

Cover
Alginates in Drug Delivery
Copyright
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
1 Alginates: sources, structure, and properties
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Sources of alginates
		1.2.1 Algal sources
		1.2.2 Bacterial sources
	1.3 Molecular structure of alginates
	1.4 Properties of alginates
		1.4.1 Molecular weight
		1.4.2 Optical rotation
		1.4.3 Solubility
		1.4.4 Dissociation
		1.4.5 Gel formation
		1.4.6 Biocompatibility
	1.5 Conclusion
	References
2 Alginates as drug delivery excipients
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 General properties
	2.3 Drug delivery applications
		2.3.1 Gelling agents
		2.3.2 Uses in capsules and tablets for oral drug delivery
		2.3.3 Uses in oral particulates (microparticles/beads) for drug delivery
		2.3.4 Uses in nanoparticles for drug delivery
		2.3.5 Uses in gastroretentive drug delivery systems
		2.3.6 Uses in protein delivery
	2.4 Conclusion
	References
3 Alginate-based hydrogels for drug delivery applications
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Alginate: sources, chemistry, and properties
		3.2.1 Sources
		3.2.2 Chemistry
		3.2.3 Properties
			3.2.3.1 Molecular weight
			3.2.3.2 Solubility
			3.2.3.3 Viscosity and rheology
			3.2.3.4 Gelation
			3.2.3.5 pH responsiveness
			3.2.3.6 Biocompatibility
	3.3 Preparations of alginate-based hydrogels
		3.3.1 Physical hydrogels
			3.3.1.1 Ionic cross-linking hydrogels
			3.3.1.2 Hydrogen bonding
			3.3.1.3 Polyelectrolyte complexation
			3.3.1.4 Hydrophobic interaction
		3.3.2 Chemical hydrogels
			3.3.2.1 Cross-linking by aldehydes
			3.3.2.2 Cross-linking by condensation reactions
			3.3.2.3 Cross-linking by polymerization
	3.4 Drug delivery applications
	3.5 Conclusion
	References
4 Grafted alginates in drug delivery
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Chemical modifications and design strategies for alginate
	4.3 Grafting derivatives of alginates
		4.3.1 Alkylated derivatives of alginate
			4.3.1.1 Alkane
				4.3.1.1.1 Esterification
				4.3.1.1.2 Reductive amination
			4.3.1.2 N-Octylamine
				4.3.1.2.1 Ugi reaction
				4.3.1.2.2 Amidation
			4.3.1.3 Oleoyl chloride
		4.3.2 Alginate derivatives based on acrylates
			4.3.2.1 Acrylic acid
			4.3.2.2 Alkylated acrylate
				4.3.2.2.1 Graft copolymerization
				4.3.2.2.2 Reductive amination
			4.3.2.3 Other acrylic polymers
		4.3.3 Alginate derivatives based on acrylamides
			4.3.3.1 Acrylamide
			4.3.3.2 N-Isopropylacrylamide
				4.3.3.2.1 Graft copolymerization
				4.3.3.2.2 Amidation
			4.3.3.3 Other derivatives of acrylamide
		4.3.4 Alginate derivatives based on other vinyl monomers
		4.3.5 Alginate derivatives based on acrylonitrile
		4.3.6 Alginate derivatives based on various alcohols
			4.3.6.1 Poly(ethylene glycol)
			4.3.6.2 Amphiphilic cholesteryl
		4.3.7 Alginate derivatives based on CDs
			4.3.7.1 Amidation reaction
			4.3.7.2 Cyanogen bromide method
			4.3.7.3 Self-assembly
		4.3.8 Derivatives based on alginate and other polymers
	4.4 Uses of grafted alginates in drug delivery applications
		4.4.1 Sustained release drug delivery
		4.4.2 Transdermal drug delivery
		4.4.3 Protein delivery
	4.5 Limitations of grafted alginate for the use in drug delivery
	4.6 Conclusion
	References
5 Alginate-based interpenetrating polymer networks for sustained drug release
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 IPNs and their uses in drug delivery
	5.3 Alginates
		5.3.1 Sources and chemistry
		5.3.2 General properties of alginates
	5.4 The need for modifications alginates
	5.5 Insights into the use of alginate-based IPNs for sustained release drug delivery
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
6 Alginate nanoparticles in drug delivery
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Alginate
		6.2.1 Sources
		6.2.2 Structure and composition
		6.2.3 Physicochemical properties
		6.2.4 Biodegradability
	6.3 Preparations of alginate nanoparticles for drug delivery
		6.3.1 Spray drying technique
		6.3.2 Ionic gelation technique
		6.3.3 Emulsification technique
		6.3.4 Covalent cross-linking technique
		6.3.5 Polyelectrolyte complexation technique
		6.3.6 Self-assembling technique
	6.4 Recent advances in using alginate nanoparticles in drug targeting
	6.5 Limitations for use of alginate in pharmaceutical nanotechnology
	6.6 Future perceptive in using alginate particles as nanocarriers
	6.7 Conclusion
	References
7 Biocomposites of Alginates in Drug Delivery
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Composites and biocomposites
	7.3 Sources of alginates
	7.4 Chemistry of alginate-structure
	7.5 Properties of alginates
		7.5.1 Solubility of alginates
		7.5.2 Viscosity of alginate solutions
		7.5.3 Gel formations
		7.5.4 Biocompatibility of alginates
	7.6 Various alginate-based biocomposites in drug delivery
		7.6.1 Alginate-based biopolymeric biocomposites in drug delivery
		7.6.2 Alginate-based biopolymeric-bioinorganic biocomposites in drug delivery
	7.7 Conclusion
	References
8 Alginate–montmorillonite composite systems as sustained drug delivery carriers
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Alginates and related composites in drug delivery system
	8.3 Montmorillonite
	8.4 Alginate–MMT composite particles
		8.4.1 MMT composite matrices with core–shell alginate–ghatti gum for stomach-specific flurbiprofen delivery
		8.4.2 Alginate–MMT composite microspheres loaded with venlafaxine HCl
		8.4.3 Alginate–MMT nanocomposite systems of irinotecan
		8.4.4 Alginate–chitosan–MMT nanocomposites for 5-fluorouracil release
		8.4.5 MMT–alginate nanocomposite beads loaded with carboplatin
		8.4.6 MMT–alginate composite beads of diclofenac sodium
		8.4.7 MMT–alginate nanocomposites of vitamins B1 and B6
	8.5 Conclusion
	References
9 Ionotropically gelled alginate particles in sustained drug release
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Sustained drug release
	9.3 Alginates
	9.4 Ionotropic gelation of natural polysaccharides
	9.5 Insights into the use of ionotropically gelled alginate-based particles for sustained release drug delivery
		9.5.1 Ionotropically gelled alginate particles
		9.5.2 Ionotropically gelled alginate-based beads prepared using blends of sodium alginate and second biopolymers
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
10 Inorganic materials–alginate composites in drug delivery
	Abbreviations
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Alginates and alginate-based composites in drug delivery
	10.3 Inorganic materials–alginate composites
		10.3.1 Carbon nanotube-alginate composites
		10.3.2 Montmorillonite-alginate composites
		10.3.3 Calcium silicate -alginate composites
		10.3.4 β-Tricalcium phosphate-alginate composites
		10.3.5 Hydroxyapatite-alginate composites
	10.4 Conclusion
	References
11 Particulate matrices of ionotropically gelled alginate- and plant-derived starches for sustained drug release
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Alginates
		11.2.1 Sources
		11.2.2 Structure
		11.2.3 Properties
			11.2.3.1 Aqueous solubility
			11.2.3.2 Ionotropic cross-linking
			11.2.3.3 Gel stability
			11.2.3.4 Chemical degradation
	11.3 Starches
		11.3.1 Sources
		11.3.2 Structure
		11.3.3 Properties
			11.3.3.1 Solubility
			11.3.3.2 Crystallinity
			11.3.3.3 Retrogradation
			11.3.3.4 Biodegradation
		11.3.4 Starches as pharmaceutical excipients in drug delivery
	11.4 Ionotropically gelled alginate–plant-derived starches composite particles in drug delivery
		11.4.1 Ionotropically gelled alginate–tapioca starch beads
		11.4.2 Ionotropically gelled alginate–jackfruit seed starch beads
		11.4.3 Ionotropically gelled alginate–potato starch microspheres and beads
		11.4.4 Ionotropically gelled alginate–Assam Bora rice starch microbeads
	11.5 Conclusion
	References
12 Polyelectrolyte complexes of alginate for controlling drug release
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Alginate
	12.3 Polyelectrolyte complexes
	12.4 Alginate–chitosan polyelectrolyte complexes for controlled drug release
	12.5 Alginate-cationized gelatin polyelectrolyte complexes for controlled drug release
	12.6 Alginate-cationic starch polyelectrolyte complexes for controlled drug release
	12.7 Alginate-cationized poly-l-lysine polyelectrolyte complexes for controlled drug release
	12.8 Conclusion
	References
13 Alginate-based hydrogel systems for drug releasing in wound healing
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Wounds
	13.3 Classification of wounds
	13.4 Wound healing
	13.5 Wound dressing
	13.6 Alginate as wound dressing material
		13.6.1 Extraction of alginate
		13.6.2 Chemistry of alginate
		13.6.3 Biomedical properties and applications of alginate
		13.6.4 Mechanisms of alginate as bioactive polymer in wound dressings
	13.7 Alginate-based hydrogels as wound dressings and drug releasing for wound healing
	13.8 Future prospects
	13.9 Conclusion
	References
14 Alginate-based scaffolds for drug delivery in tissue engineering
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Scaffolds in tissue engineering
	14.3 Scaffold fabrication techniques
		14.3.1 Conventional scaffold fabrication techniques
		14.3.2 Nonconventional scaffold fabrication techniques
	14.4 Alginates
		14.4.1 Sources
		14.4.2 Chemical structure and conformation
	14.5 Alginates used as tissue engineering scaffold materials
		14.5.1 Alginate hydrogels
			14.5.1.1 Ionic cross-linking
			14.5.1.2 Covalent cross-linking
			14.5.1.3 Thermal gelation
			14.5.1.4 Cell cross-linking
			14.5.1.5 Free radical polymerization
		14.5.2 Microparticles
		14.5.3 Porous scaffolds like sponges, foams, and fibers
			14.5.3.1 Sponges
			14.5.3.2 Foams
			14.5.3.3 Fibers
	14.6 Various alginate-based
	14.7 Conclusion
	References
15 Use of alginates for drug delivery in dentistry
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 History and origin of alginates
	15.3 Chemistry of alginates
	15.4 Alginates in dentistry
	15.5 Insights into the use of alginate-based systems for drug delivery in dentistry
	15.6 Conclusion
	References
Index
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