Algal Biotechnology for Fuel Applications

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Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
Introduction
	Cemil Koyunoğlu1,* and Hüseyin Karaca2
	INTRODUCTION
		Photobioreactors
		Heterotrophic Bioreactors
		Outdoor Pools
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Anaerobic Algal Biotechnology
	Ece Polat1,*
	INTRODUCTION
		Step 1: Hydrolysis
		Step 2: Fermentation or Acidogenesis
		Step 3: Acetogenesis
		Step 4: Methanogenesis
	BIOGAS PRODUCTION VIA ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
		Biogas Production Global Overview
		Costs
		Agricultural Waste Products (Mostly Slurry and Fertilizer): 0 USD / GJ - 6 USD / GJ
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Thermal Liquefaction Based Algal Biotechnology
	Cemil Koyunoğlu1,* and Hüseyin Karaca2
	INTRODUCTION
	THERMAL LIQUEFACTION TECHNOLOGY
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Biodiesel Production from Algae Oil
	Fevzi Yaşar1,*
	INTRODUCTION
		Algae Oil Characterization And Fatty Acid Distribution
		Biodiesel Production from Algae Oil
	EXPERIMENTAL
	RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
		Analysis of Fuel Properties of Algae Oil Biodiesel
		Evaluation of Fuel Properties
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Algal Biodiesel Chemical Characterization
	Cemil Koyunoğlu1,* and Fevzi Yaşar2
	INTRODUCTION
	ALGAE OIL AND ITS PROPERTIES
	ANALYSIS OF FUEL PROPERTIES OF ALGAE OIL BIODIESEL
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) Technology
	Mesut Yılmazoğlu1,*
	INTRODUCTION
		Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)
	ANODE MATERIALS
	CATHODE MATERIALS
	MEMBRANE MATERIALS
	MFC TYPES
	TWO-CHAMBER MFC
	SINGLE-CHAMBER MFC
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Algae Cultivation in Different Systems
	Fevzi Yaşar1,*
	INTRODUCTION
	OPEN POND SYSTEMS
	CLOSED POND SYSTEMS
	VARIOUS PHOTOBIOREACTORS FOR ALGAL CULTIVATION
		Vertical Column Photobioreactors
	TUBULAR PHOTOBIOREACTOR
		Helical Tubular Photobioreactors
		Bubble Column Photobioreactor (BC-PBR)
		Flat Plate Photobioreactor
		Heterotrophic Cultivation
		Mixotrophic Cultivation
		Integrated Systems
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Use of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) in Food Industry Wastewater Treatment
	Mesut Yılmazoğlu1,*
	INTRODUCTION
	COMPONENTS OF MFC
		Anode Cell
		Cathode Cell
	PROTON SELECTIVE MEMBRANE
	ELECTRICTY FORMATION IN MFCS
	FOOD INDUSTRY WASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION
		Food Industry Wastewater Treatment
		Use of MFCs in Food Industry Wastewater Treatment
	CONSEQUENCE-RESTRICTING FACTORS
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Development of Algae Oil Production With Ecological Engineering
	Cemil Koyunoğlu1,2,* and Hüseyin Karaca3
	INTRODUCTION
	FINDINGS
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Microalgae Culture
	Oya Işık1,* and Leyla Uslu1
	INTRODUCTION
	CULTIVATION OF ALGAE IN PONDS
	3. PHOTOBIOREACTORS
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Different Species of Algae
	Cemil Koyunoğlu1,* and Hüseyin Karaca2
	INTRODUCTION
	KEY FEATURES FOR DETERMINING ALG SPECIES
		Temperature
		pH
		Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l)
		Electrical Conductivity (μS/cm)
		Salinity (%)
	ALGAE SPECIES
		Chroococcus turgidus
			Chroococcus limneticus
			Chroococcus minimus
			Chroococcus minör
			Microcystis aeruginosa
			Microcystis flos-aquae
			Gomphosphaeria aponina
			Merismopedia Tenuissima
			Merismopedia minima
			Merismopedia punctata
			Aphanocapsa incerta
			Pseudanabaena limnetica
			Oscillatoria limosa Ag
			Oscillatoria rubescens
			Oscillatoria tenuis
			Oscillatoria brevis
			Oscillatoria brevis
			Oscillatoria amphibia
			Oscillatoria prolifica
			Oscillatoria princeps
			Lyngbya limnetica
			Lyngbya contorta
			Oscillatoria majör
			Lyngbya wollei
			Oscillatoria formosa
			Phormidium ambiguum
			Anabaenopsis elenkinii
			Anabaena affinis
			Anabaena flos-aquae
			Anabaena catenula
			Spirulina Laxissima
			Arthrospira majör
			Spirulina nordstedtii
			Plectonema notatum
			Cystoseira barbata
			Ulva rigida
			Gracilaria verrucose
			Chroococcus nägeli
			Chroococcus dimidiatus
			Pleurococcus minör
			Gloeocapsa kützing
			Gloeocapsa quaternata
			Spirulina turpin Ex gomont
			Spirulina subsalsa oersted
			Spirulina subtilissima kützing
			Spirulina meneghiniana (zanardini) gomont
			Spirulina Major kützing
			Leptolyngbya
			Leptolyngbya tenuis
			Planktolyngbya
			Planktolyngbya subtilis
			Limnothrix
			Limnothrix amphigranulata
			Jaaginema anagnostidis
			Jaaginema pseudogeminata
			Oscillatoria vaucher
			Oscillatoria princeps vaucher ex gomont
			Oscillatoria proteus skuja
			Oscillatoria boryana bory
			Oscillatoria calcuttensis Biswas
			Lyngbya C. agardh ex gomont
			Lyngbya contorta lemmermann
			Phormidium kützing ex gomont
			Phormidium chlorinum (kützing)
			Phormidium willei
			Phormidium terebriforme
			Phormidium amphibium
			Phormidium formosum
			Phormidium splendens
			Calothrix thermalis
			Calothrix marchica lemmermann
			Mastigocladus cf. laminosus
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Lipid Production in Microalgae
	Leyla Uslu1,* and Oya Işık1
	INTRODUCTION
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
The Science of Catalysts in Algae Oil Production
	Cemil Koyunoğlu1,2,* and Hüseyin Karaca3
	HOMOGEN CATALYSTS
		HETEROGEN CATALYSTS
		Lipase Catalysts
	ENZYME DETENTION METHODS
	ADVANTAGES OF CAPTURING ENZYMES
	ADSORPTION
	TRAPPING ENZYMES
	ENCAPSULATION
	IONIC BONDING
	COVALENT BONDING
		Covalent Binding of Lipase to Perlite Support
	CROSS-LINKING
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Economical Fundamentals for Algae to Fuel Technology
	Cemil Koyunoğlu1,2,*
	LIFETIME COST CALCULATION OF ASSETS
	PRESENT VALUE FACTOR
	CAPITAL RECOVERY FACTOR
	ANNUAL COST
	EXERGY COST
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Closing Remarks
	Cemil Koyunoğlu1,2,* and Hüseyin Karaca3
	INTRODUCTION
		Microalgae
	OIL EXTRACTION FROM SEEDS
		Mechanical Pressing Process
		Solvent Extraction
		Supercritical Fluid Extraction
	BIOFUEL FROM MARINE CREATURES
		Biofuel from Algae
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Subject Index
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