Alcohol Misuse: A European Perspective

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 6
INTRODUCTION......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 11
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 14
2. THE ISSUE OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ASABATTLEFIELD......Page 15
3. TRENDS OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN THE EU......Page 17
Level of alcohol consumption......Page 18
Beverage preferences......Page 19
Long waves and short-term fluctuations......Page 21
Denmark......Page 24
Greece......Page 25
The Netherlands......Page 26
United Kingdom......Page 27
5. ON THE DYNAMICS OF CHANGES IN ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION......Page 28
Consumption vs. sales vs. production......Page 29
The unregistered consumption: home production, smuggling, tourist imports......Page 30
Completing consumption statistics by information from comparable alcohol consumption surveys......Page 31
9. PROPOSALS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH......Page 32
References......Page 33
INTRODUCTION......Page 37
Per Capita Alcohol Consumption in Different Population Subgroups......Page 38
Alcohol Drinking Pattern, Alcohol Morbidity and Mortality Rate......Page 39
Basis of Gender Difference in Alcohol Actions......Page 42
GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF ALCOHOL MISUSE AND ALCOHOLISM......Page 43
Twin Studies......Page 44
Clinical Subtypes of Alcoholics......Page 45
THE IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN ALCOHOL DRINKING AND ITS OUTCOMES......Page 46
Gene-Environment Interactions......Page 47
HOW BIOLOGICAL FACTORS MODIFY ALCOHOL DRINKING HABITS......Page 48
Availability and Price Factors......Page 49
PROPOSALS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH......Page 50
References......Page 51
INTRODUCTION......Page 56
Experimental Studies......Page 57
Definition......Page 58
NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT......Page 59
Primary Malnutrition......Page 61
Secondary Malnutrition......Page 62
Protein-calorie Malnutrition......Page 63
THE ROLE OF MALNUTRITION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ETHANOL-RELATED DISEASES......Page 64
Alcoholic liver disease......Page 65
Gastrointestinal tract and pancreas......Page 66
Haematologic and Immune System......Page 67
Nervous System......Page 68
Wernicke-Korsakoffsyndrome......Page 69
Peripheral and autonomic neuropathy......Page 70
THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS OF NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS IN ALCOHOLICS......Page 71
Proposals for future research......Page 72
References......Page 73
INTRODUCTION......Page 79
Historical Overview and epidemiology......Page 80
Genetic factors......Page 82
Ethanol metabolism and molecular approaches......Page 83
Environmental factors......Page 84
PATHOGENESIS OF ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE......Page 85
Orthotopic Liver Transplantation......Page 86
FUTURE RESEARCH STRATEGIES......Page 87
References......Page 88
A Historical Perspective......Page 93
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT)......Page 94
Psoriasis......Page 95
U.K.......Page 96
ITALY......Page 97
SCANDINAVIA......Page 98
B. Cutaneous Infections......Page 99
POSSIBLE MECHANISMS......Page 100
THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS......Page 101
References......Page 102
INTRODUCTION......Page 106
ALCOHOL USE AND ENGAGEMENT IN “UNSAFE” SEX......Page 108
ALCOHOL USE AND IMMUNE FUNCTION......Page 110
CONCLUSIONS AND PROPOSALS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH......Page 112
References......Page 113
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 117
2.1. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)......Page 118
2.3. Korsakoff’s syndrome......Page 119
2.5. Hepatocerebral degeneration......Page 120
2.8. Cerebral cortex......Page 121
3.1. Alteration of neural cells......Page 122
3.3. Receptor changes......Page 124
4.1.1.  Brain morphology......Page 125
4.1.2.  Role of intervening variables......Page 126
4.1.3.  Reversibility of brain damage......Page 128
4.2.  Studies with MRI-relaxation times and MR-spectroscopy......Page 129
4.3. Studies of Brain Function with Positron Emission Tomography (PET)......Page 130
6.1. Animal experiments......Page 131
References......Page 132
8 Musculo-Skeletal Problems in Alcohol Abuse......Page 142
2. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS......Page 143
3.1. Direct effect of ethanol......Page 145
3.1.1  Alterations in muscle membrane fluidity, membrane channels, pumps and ionic transients......Page 146
3.1.3.  Disruption of mitochondrial function......Page 147
3.1.4.  Changes in carbohydrate-glycogen-lipid metabolism......Page 148
3.2. Acetaldehyde......Page 149
3.4.1. Potassium depletion......Page 150
3.4.3. Magnesium deficiency......Page 151
3.4.7. Vitamin deficicencies......Page 152
4.1.  Optic microscopy......Page 153
5.1. Acute myopathy......Page 155
5.2. Chronic myopathy......Page 156
6. MYOPATHY-CARDIOMYOPATHY RELATIONSHIP IN ALCOHOLIC MUSCLE DISEASE......Page 157
7. PROGNOSIS-REVERSIBILITY......Page 158
References......Page 159
INTRODUCTION......Page 166
A The rat model......Page 167
B The dog model......Page 168
3 Neural imputs......Page 169
C Alcohol induced modifications of pancreatic secretion in man......Page 170
IV ALCOHOLIC ACUTE AND CHRONIC PANCREATITIS DEFINITION......Page 171
B Pathophysiology of acute alcoholic pancreatitis......Page 172
A Pathology of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis......Page 173
B Epidemiology of alcoholic calcic lithiasis (chronic calcifying pancreatitis)......Page 174
1) Precipitation of calcium......Page 176
VII CONCLUSION AND PROPOSALS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH......Page 178
Bibliography......Page 179
GEOGRAPHY, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND CANCER MORTALITY......Page 185
CANCER MORTALITY AND CANCERINCIDENCE......Page 187
COHORT STUDIES ON ALCOHOLICS......Page 190
CASE-CONTROL STUDIES......Page 191
BEER DRINKING AND CANCER OF THE RECTUM......Page 193
Is alcohol a “carcinogen”?......Page 194
ALCOHOL AND NITROSAMINES......Page 195
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS......Page 196
Bibliography......Page 197
INTRODUCTION......Page 203
ADVERSE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF DRINKING......Page 204
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRINKING AND ITS SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES......Page 205
THE ROLE OF ALCOHOLIN DIFFERENT ADVERSE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES......Page 206
PERCEPTION OF THE PROBLEM......Page 208
APPROACHES TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRINKING AND ITS ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES......Page 210
Scandinavian Drinking Survey......Page 211
The International Study of Alcohol Control Experiences......Page 212
Discussion and conclusions......Page 213
References......Page 214
12 Conclusions......Page 216
INDEX......Page 219