AIIA 2022: Biosystems Engineering Towards the Green Deal: Improving the Resilience of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Systems in the Post-Covid Era

Contents
Part I: Challenges in Hydraulic and Hydrological Processes, Sustainable Water Resources Management, Stream Rehabilitation and Soil Conservation Strategies Towards the Green Deal
A Remote Sensing Based Hydrological Modelling Approach to Estimate Daily Actual Evapotranspiration
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 The Study Site
		2.2 Micrometeorological and Eddy Covariance Measurements
		2.3 Vegetation Indices and the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) Model
		2.4 The Canopy Water Interception, Soil Water Dynamics, Soil Water Evaporation and the Stress Factor
		2.5 The Daily ETc act Construction Procedure
	3 Results
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Experimental Tests to Validate a Simple Procedure to Design Dual-Diameter Drip Laterals on Flat Fields
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Simplified Procedure to Design Dual-Diameter Drip Laterals
		2.2 Determining the Characteristics of the Emitter for Sublaterals I and II
	3 Experimental Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
An Innovative Soil Bioengineering Technique by Waste Materials: The RiVite Project
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials Used in the Soil Bioengineering Work
		2.2 Assembling the RFM Modules
	3 Sites Description and Prototypes
		3.1 Sites Description
		3.2 Prototypes
	4 Conclusions
	References
Monitoring of Irrigation Water Use in Italy by Using IRRISAT Methodology: The INCIPIT Project
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Pilot Areas
		2.2 Map of Irrigated Areas
		2.3 Crop Evapotranspiration and Crop Irrigation Water Requirements
	3 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Treatment of Steep and Clayey Soils with Olive Pruning Residues for Conservation Purposes: Hydrological Monitoring and Modelling Approaches
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Study Area and Experimental Site
		2.2 Monitoring and Statistical Processing of the Hydrological Variables
		2.3 Model Implementation, Calibration and Evaluation
	3 Results
		3.1 Monitoring of the Hydrological Variables
		3.2 Hydrological Modeling
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Monitoring of the Hydrological Variables
		4.2 Hydrological Modeling
	5 Conclusion
	References
Macroscopic Root Water Uptake Modelling Using High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Systems: Design and Validation
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Description of the HTS-System and Experimental Setup
		2.2 Determination of the Soil Hydrological Properties and Irrigation Scheduling Protocol
		2.3 Procedure to Assess the Indicators of Soil and Crop Water Status
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Agro-Meteorological Characteristics
		3.2 Preprocessing of the Crop and Soil Water Status Data Series
		3.3 Soil–Plant Water Relation and Root Water Uptake Modelling
	4 Conclusions
	References
Testing the Effect of the Rill Channel Slope on the Correction Factor of Surface Velocity
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Measurements of Flow Surface Velocity
		3.2 Determining the Correction Factor for Rill Flows
	4 Conclusive Remarks and Research Needs
	References
Monitoring Rainfall Erosivity in the Sparacia Experimental Area by an Optical Disdrometer
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusive Remarks and Research Needs
	References
Testing an Automatic Approach for Rill Network Extraction to Measure Rill Erosion by Terrestrial Photogrammetry
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Assessing Path Tortuosity on Rill Flow Resistance
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Assessing Daily ERA5-Land Reanalysis Data to Estimate Actual Evapotranspiration of Olive Orchards in Sicily
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Description of the Experimental Layout
		2.2 Climate and Micrometeorological Data
		2.3 FAO-56 Model Parameterization
		2.4 Statistical Analysis for Model Validation
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Field Study on Multifunctional Irrigation of Vineyards
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Experimental Site
		2.2 Irrigation System and Experimental Design
	3 Results
		3.1 Drip Irrigation
		3.2 Spring Frost Sprinkler Irrigation
		3.3 Evaporative Cooling Sprinkler Irrigation
	4 Conclusions
	References
Productive Response of a Pear Orchard (Pyrus Communis, L.) to the Precision Irrigation Conducted Through a Decision Support System (DSS)
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Site Description and Evaluation of the Irrigation Plant
		2.2 Soil Moisture Sensors Calibration and Implementation in WSN
		2.3 Crop Ecophysiological and Fruit Yield and Quality Measurements
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Audit of the Micro-Irrigation Plants and Setting of the WSN
		3.2 Production and Quality Performance of the New Irrigation Protocol
	4 Conclusions
	References
Assessing Potential Water Savings Implementing Variable Rate Sprinkler Irrigation in a Maize Farm in Northern Italy
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 EMI Survey and Soil Mapping
		2.3 Design of the Variable-Rate Irrigation Sectors in the Pilot Pivot
		2.4 SWAP Model and Irrigation Management in the Pilot Pivot
		2.5 Farm Scale Simulations
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Irrigation Management in the Pilot Pivot
		3.2 Farm Scale Simulations
	4 Conclusions
	References
Monitoring and Predicting Irrigation Requirements of Tree Crops in Eastern Sicily as a Tool for Sustainability
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Estimation of the Irrigation Water Requirements
		2.3 Validation
	3 Results
	4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
The Vaia Event: Primary Impacts of the Storm and Subsequent Evolution of the Malgonera Stream (Dolomites)
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 The GCD Tool for DoDs Computation
		3.2 Large Wood Surveys Using Field and Remote Sensing Data
	4 Results
		4.1 Morphological Changes
		4.2 Large Wood Loads and Recruitment
	5 Discussions
	6 Conclusions
	References
Analysis of Bedload Mobility in an Andean Stream
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Study Site
		2.2 Bedload Tracing
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Hydraulic Roughness Estimation Induced by Riparian Vegetation in Tuscany Rivers for Management Purposes
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Methods for Field Surveys
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
The Effect of Soil and Vegetation Spatial Variability on Modelling Hydrological Processes for Irrigation Optimisation at Large Scales
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 FLOWS-HAGES Agrohydrological Model
		2.2 Study Area and Soil Database
		2.3 Obtaining Vegetation and Irrigation Parameters for FLOWS-HAGES Simulations Using Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing Applications
		2.4 Agrohydrological Simulations Using FLOWS-HAGES Model
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Optimising Irrigation Fluxes for Spatially Variable Soil and Vegetation Parameters
		3.2 Aggregating Spatial Variability of Soil and Vegetation Parameters
	4 Conclusions
	References
Conceptual Interpretation of Infiltration Under Sealing Process by Membrane Fouling Models
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Adapting P-k-C* Model in Mediterranean Climate for Organic Removal Performance in Horizontal Treatment Wetlands
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Case Studies
		2.2 Water Quality Database
		2.3 P-k-C* Model Application
	3 Results
		3.1 TWs Characterization and Model Fit Parameters
		3.2 Calibration and Validation Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Influence of the Rainfall Time Step on the Thresholds for Separating Erosive and Non-erosive Events
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Rainfall Data and Rainfall Event Classification
		2.2 Rainfall Variables
		2.3 Procedure for Determining Thresholds for Separating Erosive and Non-erosive Events
	3 Results
		3.1 Characteristics of Individual Storms and Rainfall Variables
		3.2 Thresholds for Separating Erosive and Non-erosive Events
	4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Quantifying Irrigation Volumes Using Sentinel-1 Soil Moisture Data in Central Italy
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area and Irrigation Data
		2.2 The SM-Based Inversion Approach
		2.3 Data Collection
	3 Results
	4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Hydrological and Erosive Effects of Prescribed Fire and Mulching with Fern Residues in a Mediterranean Pine Forest
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Prescribed Fire Operations and Mulching Application
		2.3 Experimental Design
		2.4 Monitoring of the Hydrological and Erosive Variables
		2.5 Statistical Analyses
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Part II: Applications in Smart Agriculture and Forestry, Post-harvest Logistics and Food Chain, Energy, Waste and By-Products Smart Use, Big Data and Machine Learning in Biosystems Engineering
Uranine as a Tracer for Rapid Detection of Spray Deposition
	1 Introduction
	2 Current Uses and Properties of Uranine
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Solution Preparation and Absorbance Measurement
		3.2 Linear Regime Investigation
		3.3 Deposited Material Estimation Method
	4 Deposition on Test Bench
		4.1 Description of the Test Bench and Patternator Setup
		4.2 Experiment Results
		4.3 Results Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Outline
	References
Development of an Investment Decision Tool for Biogas Production from Biowaste in Mediterranean Islands
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Evaluation of Precision Technologies Approach for the Management of an Experimental Field in Organic Fruit Growing
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Potential Bioenergy and Biofertiliser Production from Livestock Waste in Mediterranean Islands Within Circular Bioeconomy
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Sustainable Livestock Waste Treatment Technologies: Survey on a Group of Italian Farms
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Instrument and Participants
	3 Results
		3.1 Adoption Rates and Expected Benefits
		3.2 Potential Users and Perceived Drivers to Adoption
		3.3 Future Investments
		3.4 Frequency of Exposure to Information Sources
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Blockchain Technology for Food Supply Chain Traceability and Authentication
	1 Introduction
	2 Case Study: The PININ Project
		2.1 PININ Blockchain Model Architecture
		2.2 Cattle Tracking for Pasture Funds Control
		2.3 Use Case of Cheese Traceability
	3 Conclusions
	References
Agroforestry Innovations Lab Activities on Sprayer Performance and Certification
	1 Introduction
	2 The Research Activity
		2.1 Aims of the Research
		2.2 Nozzle Performance
		2.3 Wind Tunnel Testing
	3 The Wind Tunnel
		3.1 Design and Realization of the Wind Tunnel
	4 Conclusions and Future development
	References
Analysis of Spraying Equipment Performances in Olive Orchards
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Field Description
		2.2 Equipment Description
		2.3 Spray Distribution and Quantitation in the Field
		2.4 Data Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Different Strategies to Alleviate Soil Compaction Risk During Tillage Operations
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials
	3 Results
		3.1 Compaction Effects on Soil
		3.2 Field Traffic Indices
		3.3 Working Capacity and Fuel Consumption
	4 Conclusions
	References
Statistical Control of the Quality of Decanters Used for the Continuous Virgin Olive Oil Extraction
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Spray Swath Study in Relation to Canopy Deposition During UAV Spray Applications in Vineyards
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and methods
		2.1 UAV-Spray System
		2.2 Experimental Design
		2.3 Experimental Layout
		2.4 Statistical and Data Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Digital Technologies for the Sustainable Management of the Olive Orchards in Central Italy: The Farmers’ Perception
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Work Time Study, Productivity and Costs of Felling Trees in Urban Areas
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Automatic Feeding Systems for Cattle in Italy: State of the Art and Perspectives
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 The Market Offer
		2.2 The Survey
		2.3 Data Processing
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 AFS Models in the Market Offer
		3.2 The Farmers’ Perspective from the Survey
	4 Conclusion
	References
Preparatory Activities for the Care and Maintenance of Historic Parks and Gardens: A Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Context and Methodology
	3 Current Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Pig Farming in the Abruzzo Region and Hepatitis E Virus Detection in Swine Slurries
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Swine Farming Facilities in Abruzzo and Slurry Sampling
		2.2 Slurry Sample Processing
		2.3 Data Processing
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Swine Farming Facilities in Abruzzo
		3.2 HEV Presence in the Monitored Farming Sites
	4 Conclusions
	References
Enhancement of Mediterranean Greenhouses Facilities: Heat Power Pump Assessment for Bedding Plant Production by Coaxial Basal Heating
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 The Greenhouse and the Growing Benches
		2.2 Design of the Experiment
		2.3 The Heating Systems
		2.4 Instruments
		2.5 Analysis and Data Processing
	3 Results
		3.1 Environmental Temperatures
		3.2 Canopy and Growing Media Temperatures
		3.3 Results of the Crop Harvest
		3.4 Difference Between the HP Engine Position
	4 Discussion
	References
Drivers of Adoption of Sustainable Practices and Technologies for Soil Protection Among Vine-Growers in North-West Italy
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Instruments and Procedure
		2.3 Data Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Descriptive Statistics and Quantitative Data
		3.2 Thematic Maps and Qualitative Content Analysis
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
The Direct Costs for Cover Crops Cultivation: Comparison Between Different Agronomical Practices
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Development and Experimental Evaluation of a Tractor Roll-Over Stability Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Rollover Stability Model
		2.2 Stability Test-Rig
		2.3 Experimental Test
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
The MAGIC Project: A Tool for Promoting Safety in Agriculture During COVID-19 Pandemic
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Description of the Research Project
		2.2 Tracking Device
		2.3 Field Tests
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Assessment of Vine and Cover Crop Vegetation Indices Using High-Resolution Images Acquired by UAV Platform
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Data Collection
		2.3 Flight Scheduling and Multispectral Data Acquisition
		2.4 Data Processing and Analysis
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Evaluation of Different Flight Courses with UAV in Vineyard
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Flight Scheduling and Multispectral Data Acquisition
		2.3 Processing and Data Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Flat Subplot
		3.2 Sloped Subplot
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Olive Tree Canopy Assessment Based on UAV Multispectral Images
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Workflow
		2.2 Scheduling of Flight and Images Acquisition
		2.3 Pre-processing of the Images
		2.4 Images Processing and Analysis
		2.5 Survey Equipment
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Development of a Test Bench for Vibration Measurements of Hand-Held Harvesters for Olives
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and methods
		2.1 Design of the Vibration Test Bench
		2.2 The Portable Harvester
		2.3 The Vibration Measurement System
		2.4 The Experimental Activity
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Thermogravimetric Analysis for the Evaluation of Coffee Grounds in Combustion and Gasification Processes
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Convolutional Neural Network Based Detection of Chestnut Burrs in UAV Aerial Imagery
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Case Study
		2.2 Instrumentation
		2.3 Semantic Clustering
		2.4 U-Net Accuracy Assessment
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Evaluation of Precision Sprayer Technologies Practical Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 The Farm
		2.2 The Tractors
		2.3 The Sprayers
		2.4 The PA Technologies Options
		2.5 The Trials: Methodology
	3 Results
		3.1 Sprayer Application
	4 Discussion
	References
New Technologies and Safety in Agriculture: SAFETY AR
	1 Introduction
	2 Definition of Augmented Reality
	3 Safety AR
	4 Conclusions
	References
Waste Heat from District Heating Plants for Forage Drying in the Camonica Valley
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 DHP Located in Ponte di Legno Municipality
		2.2 Cattle Farms Close to DHP and Current Forage Production
		2.3 Two Stages Haymaking: a Possible New Fodder Production System
		2.4 The Dryer for Round-Bales
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Remote Sensing Imagery for Mapping and Monitoring High Nature Value Farmland Area (HNVF)
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Study Site
		2.2 Experimental Design
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	Appendix A
	References
Design of a System for the Mechanization of Subsoil Compost Tea Distribution
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Sizing
		3.2 Design Drawing
	4 Conclusions
	References
Environmental Impact of Real Gaseous Pollutants Emission of Agricultural Tractors
	1 Foreword
	2 Materials and Method
		2.1 The PEMS
		2.2 The Tested Tractor and Other Device Used
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Method for Energy Efficiency Rating of Low-Power Tractors Based also on Intensity of Use
	1 Foreword
		1.1 The Narrow-Track Tractors
	2 Materials and Method
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Design, Setup and Virtual Test of a Three-Section Foldable Rear Rollbar for a Low-Power Tractor
	1 Foreword
		1.1 Deployment Systems
	2 Materials and Method
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Mechanism Synthesis of the QROPS
		3.2 Design of the Locking Device
		3.3 Virtual Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	References
Microclimatic Conditions at the Interior of Small-Sized Insect-Proof Nethouses with Tomato Cultivation
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Setup of the Full-Scale Experiment
		2.2 Equipment – Data Acquisition
	3 Results
		3.1 Air Velocity Results
		3.2 Temperature and Relative Humidity Results
		3.3 Insects Attacks
		3.4 Solar Radiation Results
		3.5 Cultivation Production
	4 Conclusions
	References
The Effect of Adjuvants in Reducing Potential Spray Drift
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Droplet Size Spectra Measurements
		2.2 Potential Spray Drift Reduction Measurements
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Whole-Body Vibration for Tractor Drivers
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Facilitating Machine for Silkworm Rearing
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Intermittent Drying of Walnuts: Evaluations of Warm Air Consumption on a Thin Layer
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Trial 1
		2.2 Trial 2
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Open Field Geometric Primitives’ Representation by a 2D Low-Cost LIDAR for Vineyard Sprayer Application Under Different Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Valorizing Agro-Industry Residues to Improve the Environmental Sustainability of Frozen Products
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Goal and Scope Definition
		2.2 System Description and Inventory
		2.3 Impact Assessment
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Requirements and Challenges in the Design and Potential of Smart and Efficient Winch Assisted Forestry Machinery
	1 Introduction and State of the Art
	2 Carriage Hybridization and Electrification
	3 Mechatronic Solutions for Smart Carriages
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Feasibility of Two MEMS-NIR Spectrophotometers for Characterizing Different Biofuel Origin
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Method
		2.1 Biomass Material
		2.2 NIRS Analysis
		2.3 Chemometric Elaboration
	3 Results
		3.1 Softwood/Hardwood
		3.2 Virgin Wood/Herbaceous
		3.3 Virgin Wood/Treated Wood
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Prototype of Photovoltaic Dryer for Nutraceutical and Aromatic Plants
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Nutraceutical and Aromatic Plants
		1.2 Drying Process
		1.3 Dimensioning the Photovoltaic Dryer
	2 Description of the Dryer
		2.1 Drying Chamber
		2.2 Absorption Machine
		2.3 Photovoltaic Generator
		2.4 PLC and Sensors for Remote Control
	3 Conclusions
	References
A Model of Sicilian Environmentally Friendly Multifunctional Farm for Soil Protection
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Example of Environmentally Friendly Best Practices in Inland Sicily
		1.2 Multifunctional Farm
		1.3 Wild Asparagus
	2 Cultivation as Sustainable Soil Use
		2.1 Intercropping and Soil Protection
		2.2 Soil Tillage and Fertilisation
		2.3 Transplanting Seedlings
		2.4 Weed Control and Harvest
		2.5 Valorisation of Wild Asparagus
	3 Conclusions
	References
LLL Strategies for New Educational Approaches in Smart Agriculture from an Agricultural Engineering Perspective in Italy
	1 Introduction
	2 USAGE – Upskilling Agricultural Engineering in Europe
	3 New Educational Approaches
	4 Experiences in South Tyrol, Italy
	5 Results
	References
First Results of Digestate Spreading Trials in Mediterranean Crops
	1 Introduction
	2 The Digestate Distribution Systems
	3 Data Analysis
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Solid Fraction
		4.2 Microfiltered Liquid Fraction
	5 Conclusions
	References
Preliminary Trials to Investigate the Effect of Sprayer Setting for Ozonated Water Spray Applications to Improve Plants Disease Control Efficacy
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Ozone Generator
		2.2 ORP Measurement and Tests
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Evaluation of Potential Fuel Saving of Tractor Electrification Layouts Using Real-World Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Technological Solutions for Implementing Sustainable Cereal-Based Value-Chains in High Mountain Areas
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Sod-Seeding Drill
		2.2 Stripper Harvester
		2.3 Post-Harvest Facility
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Energy Valorization of Fruit Shells and Stones Deriving from the Food Industry
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Samples
		2.2 Physical Analysis
		2.3 Ultimate Analysis and Determination of Major and Minor Elements
		2.4 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Physical Analyses
		3.2 Ultimate Analysis
		3.3 Major and Minor Elements and Ash Fusibility
	4 Conclusions
	References
Improving Combine Harvester Management Through CANBUS Data Analyses
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Autonomous Task Identification
		2.2 Autonomous Harvested Field Identification
		2.3 Combine Harvester’s Parameters Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Autonomous Task Identification
		3.2 Autonomous Harvested Field Identification
		3.3 Combine Harvester’s Parameters Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	References
Hazelnut Harvesting Machines: Recent Advances and New Trends
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Hazelnut Production and Development of Coriliculture
		1.2 Main Manufacturers in Italy
	2 Hazelut Harvesters
		2.1 Self-propelled Vacuum Harvesters
		2.2 Mechanical Harvesters
		2.3 Construction Features Analysis of Self-propelled Machines
	3 Latest Innovations and Recent Developments
		3.1 Performance Improvements
		3.2 Improvements of Safety and Comfort
		3.3 Deployment of Electronics and Agriculture 4.0
	4 Future Developments and Conclusions
	References
CANBUS Data for Site-Specific Tractor Performance Analysis and Prediction
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Context and Data Availability
		2.2 Data Processing
		2.3 Data Cluster Analysis
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Deep Learning Artichoke Plants Identification Approach for Site-Specific UAV Spraying
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Images Acquisition Campaign and UAV Platform
		2.2 Deep Learning Plant Detection
		2.3 Multi-temporal Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Deep Learning Plant Detection
		3.2 Multi-temporal Analysis
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Forestry Machinery Chain Productivity in Stands Hit by the Vaia Storm: First Results for the Camonica Valley
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Case Study Area and Machinery Chain Organization
		2.2 Experimental Data Collection and Productivity Calculation
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Can a Variable-Rate Sprayer Be Efficient and Economic? Testing and Economic Analysis in Viticulture
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Operating Performances
		2.2 Economic Performances
		2.3 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Operative Performances
		3.2 Economic Performances
	4 Conclusion
	References
Performance Analysis of a Harrowing Implement of New Concept
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Concept of a Foldable Transmission Chain Used Inside Tobacco Leaves Harvesting Machine
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 The Agricultural Implement for Facilitating the Tobacco Leave Harvesting
		2.2 Alteration Applied to the Articulated Roller
		2.3 Field Tests
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Assessment of Soil and Vegetation Index Variability in a Traditional Olive Grove: A Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Microclimatic Monitoring and Analysis in a Hydroponic Greenhouse
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Optimization of a New Knife Crusher to Increase Olive Oil Quality
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Modular Crusher and Experimental Design
		2.2 Particle Size Measurements
		2.3 Specific Energy Estimation: Energy Conservation and Comminution Theory
		2.4 Plant Extractability and Olive Oil Qualitative
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Particle Size Distribution
		3.2 Specific Energy and Temperature Comparison
		3.3 Quantitative and Qualitative Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Image Binarization on Drop Diameters Measurement
	1 Introduction
	2 The Droplet Image Acquisition System
	3 Image Analysis
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Application of Spectral Indices for the Evaluation of Conservative Techniques in Crops Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Experimental Site and Agricultural Machines
		2.2 Image Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Big Data for Farm Machines: An Algorithm for Estimating Tractors’ Operating Costs
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Obstacle Avoidance Safety System for Agricultural Tractors and Autonomous Vehicles Based on Bluetooth and Passive RFID
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Sustainability Performance of Mountain Food Value Chains
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Combining Smart Glasses and Thermal Imaging as a Tool for Water Stress Detection in Greenhouses: A Preliminary Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Data Acquisition and Analysis
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Limitations and Future Studies
	6 Conclusions
	References
A Smart Automation System for the Management and Control of a Medium Scale Digester Plant
	1 Introduction
	2 Medium-Scale Digester Plant Controllers
		2.1 Smart Automation System
		2.2 Control Logic
		2.3 Graphical Control Interface
	3 Conclusions
	References
Using Multiple Correspondence Analysis to Evaluate Milking Parlour Performance
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and methods
	3 Results and discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Automatic Feeding System (AFS) on Dairy Cows Feeding Activity
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 The Automatic Feeding System
		2.2 Assessing of the Dairy Cows Feeding Activity
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Use of Heavy Metals Contaminated Industrial Hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) for Bioenergy Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Smart Glove: Development and Testing of a Wearable RFID Reader Connected to Mixed Reality Smart Glasses
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 The developed system framework
		2.2 Software and user interface development
		2.3 Laboratories tests
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Experimental Analysis of Chainsaw Emissions in Chestnut Wood Operations
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Study Site
		2.2 Chainsaw
		2.3 Dosimeter
		2.4 Gas sensor
		2.5 Experimental Design and Data Analysis
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Quantity and Type of Logging Residues Following Cut-to-Length and Full-Tree Salvage Logging Systems in Damaged Mountain Forests
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Field Sampling and Residue Quantity Estimation
		2.3 Soil and Residues Chemical Analysis
	3 Results and discussion
		3.1 Residues Estimators and Statistical Analysis
		3.2 Soil and Residues Chemical Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	References
Concerning the Relationship Between Tilled Soil Aggregates Dimension and Power Harrow Energy Requirements
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
“Green” Investments in Sustainable Farming Systems: A Survey Among Italian Enterprises
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Participants and Instrument
		2.2 Data Analysis
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Adoption
		3.2 Intention to Adopt
		3.3 Willingness to Invest
	4 Conclusions
	References
Characterization of a Multispectral Camera for Abiotic and Biotic Stress Detection in Greenhouse
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Low Dose Precision Distribution with Micro-Granules Fertilizer Using Different Spreader Machines
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Part III: Smart Engineering Techniques, Design and Planning of Resilient Land and Built Systems
Local Community’s Perception of Agrobiodiversity as Cultural Heritage and the Role of Ceratonia Siliqua L. in Characterizing the Rural Landscape Identity of Modica and Rosolini (Sicily-Italy)
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Aim of the Paper
	2 Ceratonia Siliqua L.
		2.1 Description and Uses of Ceratonia Siliqua L.
		2.2 Production of Carobs
	3 Developing a Collaborative Map to Enhance Sicilian Carob Trees
		3.1 Study Area
		3.2 Materials and Method
		3.3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Spatial Variability of Microclimatic Parmeters in a Closed Compost-Bedded Pack Barn for Dairy Cows with Tunnel Ventilation
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Description of the Compost-Bedded Pack Barn
		2.2 Environmental Instruments and Measurements
		2.3 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Analysis of Microclimate Variables
	4 Conclusions
	References
Landscape Valorization and Rural Tourism Development: A Mobile Application for the Promotion of the Lauretana Way in Tuscany Region (Italy)
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Cultural Itineraries and Landscape, a Synergy with High Potentiality
		1.2 Cultural Itineraries as Tools for Reading and Preserve the Landscape, to Promote by a Mobile Application
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 The ITer Concept
		2.2 The ITer Structure
		2.3 The Via Lauretana Senese ITer App
		2.4 The Via Lauretana Senese ITer App: Technical Details
	3 Discussion of the Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Real-Time Measurements of Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Livestock Buildings and Manure Stores with Novel UAV-Based System
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Description of the System
		2.2 Description of the Field Test
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Detecting Coffee Leaf Nitrogen with UAV-Based Vegetation Indexes and Machine Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Study Site
		2.2 UAV Image Acquisition and Preprocessing
		2.3 Leaf Nitrogen Analysis
		2.4 Random Forest (RF) Classification
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Accuracy Assessment
		3.2 Classification Maps of the Spatial Distribution of N in the Field
		3.3 Quantification of N in the Crop
	4 Conclusions
	References
Mapping and Disposal of Irrigation Pipes for a Sustainable Management of Agricultural Plastic Waste
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Buildings for Citrus Juices and Essential Oil Manufacturing: The Floor Design
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
		2.1 Roughness Measure
		2.2 Slip Resistance Measure
		2.3 Wear Measurement
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Radial Flow Settler for Aquaculture Wastewater Treatment
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
IoT Technologies for Herd Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
		2.1 Experimental Trial
		2.2 Data Collections System
		2.3 Data Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Assessing Application Potential of Species Distribution Models to the Case Study of Citrus in Eastern Sicily
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area Selection and Input Data Acquisition
		2.2 Modelling Methodology
	3 Results
		3.1 Comparisons Between Models Operated with Covariate Selection (SEL)
		3.2 Sensitivity Analyses on Training and Testing Dataset Width
		3.3 Analysis of Covariates’ Selection
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Simulation of the Heating Load in a NZEB Winery Building
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Green Façade to Improve Building Energy Performance in Summer and Winter
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Assessing Setups of a Multigas Analyser for Noxious Gas Monitoring in an Open Dairy Barn
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Description of the Dairy Barn
		2.2 Design of the Monitoring System and Data Collection
		2.3 Periods of Data Collection and Related Measuring Setup
		2.4 Data Processing
		2.5 Statistical Analyses
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Agricultural By-Products for Biomethane Production: Opportunities for a Sustainable Bioenergy Conversion
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Data Collection
		2.2 Data Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Heating from Biogas Plants: An Areal Approach for Enhanced Environmental Sustainability
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
		2.1 Availability of Thermal Energy
		2.2 Facilities and Energy Demand
		2.3 Temporal Trend of Energy Demand
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Theoretical Supply Distance
		3.2 Heat Supply Capacity and CO2 Saved
	4 Conclusions
	References
Plant Factory with Artificial Lighting: Innovation Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Proposal for a PFAL in a Mediterranean Context
	5 Conclusions
	References
Multispectral UAV-Based Monitoring of Behavior of Different Wheat and Barley Varieties
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Site
		2.2 Experimental Design and Crop Management
		2.3 UAV surveys and image data acquisition
		2.4 Image processing
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Physical and Mechanical Characterization of a Low-Quality Sheep Wool Fiber
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and method
		2.1 Sheep Wool Fiber
		2.2 Experimental Trial
	3 Results
		3.1 Diameter and Density Measurements
		3.2 Mechanical Properties
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Historic Agricultural Landscape Characterization: First Attempt of Historic Landscape Characterization (HLC) to Costa Viola Terraced Landscape (Calabria, Italy)
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Recycled Plastics Used in the Production of Agricultural Nets for Crop Protection
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Tensile Test Results
		3.2 Spectro-Radiometric Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	References
Efficiency of Plastic Nets for Greenhouse Shading
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Multi-Temporal Satellite Imagery for Monitoring Productivity Trend in Mediterranean Coastal Forest Ecosystems: The Study Case of the State Natural Reserve "Duna Feniglia" (Italy)
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Data Collection
		2.3 Data Preprocessing
		2.4 NDVI Trend Analysis
	3 Preliminary Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Assessing Differences in Land Productivity Trends to Climatic Data in Arid and Semi-arid Zones: A Study Case in Northern Mozambique
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Productivity and Climatic Datasets
		2.3 Trend Analysis and Responses to Data
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Impact of Agricultural Plastics on Rural Landscape: A Case Study in the “Metapontino” Agri-Food District (Southern Italy)
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Agricultural Plastic Surface (APS) Quantification
		2.3 Agricultural Plastic Waste (APW) Estimation
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Geospatial Tools Applications for the Analysis of Attractive Sources Related to Airport Wildlife Strike
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 The Study area Localisation
		2.2 Imagery Acquisition and Elaboration, Data Processing, and Image Classification
		2.3 Data Acquisition and Elaboration Through Gis Analyses
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Contribute of Digital Information Modelling to Territorial Governance and Airport Safety Interaction Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Code of the Air Navigation
		2.2 Regulation for the Construction and Operation of Airports
		2.3 Norms on Airport Management
		2.4 Norms Overview for Territorial Governance
		2.5 Territorial Governance through Geographic Information System and Integration with the Building Information Model
		2.6 Standards for GIS-BIM Interoperability
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References