Agriculture, Natural Resources and Food Security: Lessons from Nepal

Foreword by John Dixon
Foreword by Bimala Rai Paudyal
Preface
Reviewers
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Introduction and Overview
	Abstract
	1.1 Background and Rationale
	1.2 Book Structure and Chapter Overview
		1.2.1 Theme 1: Agriculture, Horticulture, and Post-harvest Management
		1.2.2 Theme 2: Livestock and Fisheries
		1.2.3 Theme 3: Forest Ecosystems, Community Forestry, and Agroforestry
		1.2.4 Theme 4: Cross-Cutting Topics
		1.2.5 Implications for Sustainable Development Goals
		1.2.6 Conclusions, Research Gaps, and Research and Policy Recommendations
			1.2.6.1 Theme 1: Agriculture, Horticulture, and Post-Harvest Management
			1.2.6.2 Theme 2: Livestock and Fisheries
			1.2.6.3 Theme 3: Forest Ecosystems, Community Forestry, and Agroforestry
			1.2.6.4 Theme 4: Cross-Cutting Topics
	References
Agriculture, Horticulture, and Post-harvest Management
2 Cereal Demand and Production Projections for 2050: Opportunities for Achieving Food Self-Sufficiency in Nepal
	Abstract
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Data Sources and Methods
	2.3 Results and Discussion
		2.3.1 Area, Production, and Productivity of Cereals
		2.3.2 Growth Rates of Area, Production, and Productivity
		2.3.3 Production Variability and Instability
		2.3.4 Import and Export Trends
		2.3.5 Projections of Production and Demand of Cereals
		2.3.6 Projections of Cereal Self-Sufficiency
		2.3.7 Estimated Cereal Productivity Needed for Achieving Food Self-Sufficiency
	2.4 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
	References
3 Fruits and Vegetables for Food and Nutrition Security and Income Generation in Nepal
	Abstract
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Objectives and Scope
	3.3 Methodology
	3.4 Results and Discussion
		3.4.1 History of Research and Extension Organizations for Fruits and Vegetables
		3.4.2 History of Fruit Varieties Released and Registered
		3.4.3 History of Vegetables Varieties Developed, Released, and Registered
		3.4.4 Fruit Saplings and Vegetable Seeds Production and Supply Situation
			3.4.4.1 Fruit Sapling Production and Supply Situation
			3.4.4.2 Vegetable Seed Production Trend and Estimated Demand and Supply Situation
		3.4.5 Trends of Commercial Production of Fruits
		3.4.6 Trends of Commercial Production of Vegetables
		3.4.7 Trends of Import and Export of Fruits
		3.4.8 Trends of Import and Export of Vegetables
		3.4.9 Assessment of Availability of Fruits and Vegetables
	3.5 Challenges, Gaps, and Issues
		3.5.1 Limited Information and Database in Fruits and Vegetables
		3.5.2 Institutional Gaps
		3.5.3 Policy and Program Gaps
		3.5.4 Investment in Research and Development Gaps
		3.5.5 Human Resource Gaps
	3.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
		3.6.1 Priority Fruits for Commercial Production and Marketing
		3.6.2 Priority for Commercial Vegetable Production and Marketing
		3.6.3 Promotion of Nutrition Gardens for Household Food and Nutrition Security
		3.6.4 Policy and Institutional Reforms and Increased Investment in Horticulture Sector
	References
4 Potential for Citrus Export from Nepal to Tibet
	Abstract
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Livelihood Improvement and Sustainable Development Goals
	4.3 Prospects of Nepal to China Citrus Trade
	4.4 Nepal–China Phytosanitary Agreement on Citrus
	4.5 The Phytosanitary Rationale for Chinese Requirements
	4.6 Treatments for Fruit Fly Control
	4.7 Potential Market
	4.8 Treatment Options
	4.9 Transport Options
	4.10 Nepalese Phytosanitary Arrangements
		4.10.1 Preparatory Documentation
		4.10.2 Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)
		4.10.3 Responsibility Allocation
			4.10.3.1 Growers
			4.10.3.2 Packhouses/Cooperatives
			4.10.3.3 Government of Nepal, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development Plant Quarantine and Pesticide Management Center/, Department of Agriculture
	4.11 Cost–benefit Analysis
	4.12 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
	Acknowledgements
	References
5 Postharvest and Quality Management of Fruits and Vegetables in Nepal
	Abstract
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Fundamentals of Safety and Quality of Fresh Produce
	5.3 Postharvest Research and Management in Nepal
	5.4 Major Drivers for Improved Postharvest Management
		5.4.1 Production Scale and Technology
		5.4.2 Supply Chain Stakeholders and Consumers
		5.4.3 Proactive Government Actions
	5.5 Recommendation for Improved Postharvest Management
		5.5.1 Infrastructures and Facilities
	5.6 Regulations and Actions
	5.7 Improved Postharvest Management in Nepal
	5.8 Fresh Produce Safety Guidelines and Quality Standards for Nepal
	5.9 Postharvest Management and Quality Imperatives for Nepal
		5.9.1 Safety and Quality Regulations
		5.9.2 Recommendations for Local Government
	5.10 Conclusions
	References
6 Srengthening National Seed System for Food and Nutrition Security in Nepal
	Abstract
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Background and Objectives
	6.3 Seed Systems in Nepal
	6.4 Formal Seed System
	6.5 Informal Seed System
	6.6 Advances in Plant Breeding and Applied Biotechnology
	6.7 Mechanization in Seed Production and Processing
	6.8 Need for Application of Digital Technology in Seed Systems
	6.9 Variety Development and Release or Registration in Nepal
	6.10 Breeding for Biofortified Crops
	6.11 Seed Without Borders Initiative
	6.12 Seed Storage and Buffer Stock
	6.13 Seed Demand and Supply
	6.14 Seed Policies and Regulations
	6.15 National Seed Policy 2000
	6.16 National Seed Vision 2013–2025
	6.17 Agricultural Development Strategy
	6.18 Evolutions of National Seed Laws
	6.19 Challenges and Opportunities of Seed Industry in Nepal
	6.20 Contribution of Seed Sector to Sustainable Development Goals
	6.21 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
	References
7 Agrobiodiversity, and Neglected and Underutilized Species for Food, Nutrition, Livelihood, and Environmental Security in Nepal
	Abstract
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Need of Conservation and Sustainable Use of Agrobiodiversity
	7.3 Agrobiodiversity in Achieving National and UN Sustainable Development Goals
	7.4 Components and Sub-Components of Agrobiodiversity
	7.5 Agrobiodiversity for Sustainable Farming System
	7.6 Neglected and Underutilized Agrobiodiversity
	7.7 Reasons and Factors Making Agrobiodiversity Neglected and Underutilized
	7.8 Agrobiodiversity Conservation Strategies
	7.9 Constraints and Issues in Conserving and Mainstreaming NUA
	7.10 Mainstreaming and Strengthening NUA
	7.11 Globally Significant Nepalese Agricultural Genetic Resources
	7.12 Conclusions
	7.13 Policy Implications
	References
8 Improving Soil Health and Soil Security for Food and Nutrition Security in Nepal
	Abstract
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Soil Security and Its Relationship with Food and Nutrition Security
	8.3 Soil Fertility Status in Nepal
	8.4 Factors Affecting Soil Fertility Decline in Nepal
		8.4.1 Soil Nutrient Mining
		8.4.2 Depletion of Soil Organic Matter (SOM)
		8.4.3 Imbalanced Application of Fertilizers
		8.4.4 Environmental Factors
	8.5 Soil and Nutrient Management Practices
		8.5.1 Nutrient Management Practices
			8.5.1.1 Application of Organic Inputs and Incorporation of Rice and Wheat Straw
			8.5.1.2 Increased and Balanced Application of Inorganic Fertilizers
			8.5.1.3 In-Situ Manuring
			8.5.1.4 Management of Acid Soils
		8.5.2 Soil Management Practices
			8.5.2.1 Legumes in Crop Rotation
			8.5.2.2 Bio-Fertilizer Use
			8.5.2.3 Green Manuring
			8.5.2.4 Cover Crops and Mulching
			8.5.2.5 Strip Cropping
			8.5.2.6 Agroforestry Systems
			8.5.2.7 Reduced Tillage
		8.5.3 Integrated Plant Nutrient Management (IPNM) Practices
	8.6 Improving Soil Information System and Updating Fertilizer Recommendations
	8.7 Conclusions, Policy Implications, and Recommendations
	References
9 Plant Clinics for Crop Health and Food Security: Experiences from Nepal
	Abstract
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Agriculture Extension Service System in Nepal
	9.3 Plant Health Service System in Nepal
	9.4 Plant Clinics
	9.5 Plant Clinics in Nepal
	9.6 Plant Clinics at Operation Level
	9.7 Economics of Plant Clinics
	9.8 Impact of Plant Clinics
	9.9 Pest Monitoring and Surveillance
	9.10 Integration of Plant Clinic in Agriculture Extension at the Local Government Level
	9.11 Opportunities and Challenges of Plant Clinics Operation in Nepal
	9.12 Way Forward
	9.13 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
10 Toxins, Contaminants, and Adulteration in Food: Current Policies and Practices, and Future Strategies for Nepal
	Abstract
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Food Toxins and Contaminants: Global Overview
	10.3 Food Laws and Regulations: Global Overview
	10.4 Food Safety Laws, Standards, and Regulations in Nepal: A Critical Review
	10.5 Cases of Food Toxins and Contaminants in Nepal
		10.5.1 Mycotoxins
		10.5.2 Mushroom Poisoning
		10.5.3 Pesticide Poisoning
		10.5.4 Adulterations and Additives
	10.6 Food Safety and Quality System Development in Nepal
	10.7 Major Drivers for Regulatory Environment
		10.7.1 Health-Conscious Consumers
		10.7.2 Proactive Government
		10.7.3 Infrastructures and Skills Set
		10.7.4 Market and Price
	10.8 Implementation Status of Food Safety in Nepal
	10.9 Policy Recommendations for Federal Nepal
	10.10 Summary and Conclusions
	References
11 Regenerative Agriculture for Sustainable Food Security and Livelihoods in Nepal: A Proposal for Multi-scalar Planning Framework
	Abstract
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Initiatives to Improve Agriculture
	11.3 Regenerative Agriculture as an Alternative Way Out
	11.4 A Planning Framework for Regenerative Agriculture in Nepal—A Proposal
		11.4.1 Pathway for Transitioning into Regenerative Agriculture
		11.4.2 A Framework for Bottom-Up Policy and Planning for Regenerative Agriculture
	11.5 Conclusions and Policy Implications
	Acknowledgements
	References
12 Conservation Agriculture Technologies for Cropping Systems Sustainability and Food and Nutrition Security in Nepal
	Abstract
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 CA for Increasing Productivity and Sustainability: A Conceptual Framework
	12.3 Development and Scaling-Up of CA-Based Technologies in Nepal
		12.3.1 Conservation Agriculture and RCTs: Past, Present, and Future
			12.3.1.1 Testing and Verification of CA-Based Technologies
			12.3.1.2 Comparative Advantages of CA/RCTs Over Conventional Practices in Hill and Terai Regions
			12.3.1.3 CA/RCT-Based Machineries Testing and Verification
		12.3.2 Performance of Key CA/RCTs
			12.3.2.1 Direct-Seeded Rice
			12.3.2.2 Zero Tillage in Wheat
			12.3.2.3 Zero Tillage in Maize
			12.3.2.4 Surface Seeding in Wheat
			12.3.2.5 Brown Manuring in DSR Field
			12.3.2.6 Inclusion of Mung Bean in Rice–wheat and Rice–maize Systems
			12.3.2.7 Scaling-Out of Appropriate Machinery for Enhancing Mechanization
	12.4 Multi-Criteria Assessment of CA/RCTs
		12.4.1 Trade-Offs Among Inputs Use, Yield, and Net Profit in DSR and PTR
		12.4.2 Trade-Offs Among Yield, Inputs Use, Energy-Use Efficiency, Water Productivity and Global Warming Potential in R–W Systems
	12.5 SWOT Analysis of CA/RCT-Based Technologies
	12.6 Constraints and Challenges for Adoption of CA/RCTs in Nepal
		12.6.1 Complexity of the Farming Systems
		12.6.2 Unavailability of Right Machinery and Other Inputs
		12.6.3 Inaccessibility of Financial Credits
		12.6.4 Disrupted Agricultural Extension Systems and Technical Know-How of the Citizens
	12.7 Policy Issues and Implications
		12.7.1 Priorities of Support Initiatives
		12.7.2 Strengthening Machinery Value Chain
		12.7.3 Gender Dimension
		12.7.4 Scaling-Up of CA/RCTs
	12.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
13 Urban Agriculture as a Wellbeing Approach and Policy Agenda for Nepal
	Abstract
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 The Emergence of Urban Agriculture
	13.3 Types of Urban Agriculture and Variations
	13.4 Benefits and Challenges of Urban Agriculture
	13.5 Wellbeing from Urban Agriculture
	13.6 Major Wellbeing Indicators of Urban Agriculture
	13.7 Social Wellbeing from Urban Agriculture
	13.8 Economic Wellbeing from Urban Agriculture
	13.9 Environmental Wellbeing from Urban Agriculture
	13.10 Urban Agriculture in Nepal
	13.11 Policy Agenda for Urban Agriculture  in Nepal
	13.12 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
Livestock and Fisheries
14 Livestock Contribution to Food and Nutrition Security in Nepal
	Abstract
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Data Sources and Methods
	14.3 Livestock Population, Distribition, and Their Growth Trends
		14.3.1 Livestock Population and Distribution in Nepal
		14.3.2 Livestock Population Trends and Projections
		14.3.3 Livestock Breeds
	14.4 Productivity, Export, and Import of Livestock Products
		14.4.1 Production of Primary Livestock Products
		14.4.2 Productivity of Dairy and Meat Animals
		14.4.3 Projection Trends of Livestock Products
		14.4.4 Processed Livestock Products
		14.4.5 Import and Export of Live Animals and Livestock Products
		14.4.6 Wild Animals Farming as Source of Food
	14.5 Availability of Livestock Products for Food Security
	14.6 Challenges, Constraints, and Issues Facing in Livestock Sector
		14.6.1 Low Productivity and High Cost of Production
		14.6.2 Increase Disease and Parasites in Livestock
		14.6.3 Marketing Hurdles and Challenges
		14.6.4 Climate Change Impact
		14.6.5 Institutional and Policy Issues
	14.7 Conclusions and Recommendations
		14.7.1 Breed Improvements and Their Promotion
		14.7.2 Strengthening Market Infrastructure and Market Support Services
		14.7.3 Technology Development and Dissemination
		14.7.4 Promotion of Local Production Systems and Practices Including Organic Farming
		14.7.5 Building Capacity of Institutions and Stakeholders
		14.7.6 Enabling Policy Environments
	References
15 Land and Livestock Ownership and Household Food Security in Nepal
	Abstract
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 The Concept, Dimensions, and Measurement of Food Security
	15.3 The Sustainable Livelihood Framework and Food Security
		15.3.1 The Concepts
		15.3.2 The Sustainable Livelihood Framework
			15.3.2.1 Vulnerability Context
			15.3.2.2 Livelihood Assets
			15.3.2.3 Transforming Structures and Processes
			15.3.2.4 Livelihood Strategies
			15.3.2.5 Livelihood Outcomes
		15.3.3 Nepal’s Agricultural Context
	15.4 Theoretical and Empirical Review
		15.4.1 The Ownership of Land and Livestock and Food Security in Nepal: A Review
		15.4.2 Other Potential Factors of Food Security: A Review
			15.4.2.1 Human Capital and Food Security
			15.4.2.2 Financial Capital and Food Security
			15.4.2.3 Social Capital and Food Security
			15.4.2.4 Physical Capital and Food Security
	15.5 Methods
		15.5.1 Data
		15.5.2 Measures
			15.5.2.1 Outcome Measures
			15.5.2.2 Explanatory Measures
			15.5.2.3 Controls
		15.5.3 Analytic Strategy
	15.6 Results and Discussion
		15.6.1 Descriptive Results
		15.6.2 Multivariate Results
			15.6.2.1 Land Ownership and Food Security
			15.6.2.2 Livestock Ownership and Food Security
			15.6.2.3 Other Factors Influencing Food Security
	15.7 Conclusion and Policy Implications
	References
16 Sustainable Livestock Production Safeguarding Animal and Public Health in Post-COVID Nepal
	Abstract
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Status of Livestock Production and Challenges in Nepal
	16.3 Policy Status and Gaps
	16.4 Livestock Sector Development and Sustainable Development Goals
	16.5 Major Zoonotic Diseases and Their Importance for Animal and Human Health in Nepal
	16.6 COVID-19 and Its Impact on Livestock Sector in Nepal
	16.7 One Health Approach and Its Importance to Tackle Animal and Human Health Challenges
	16.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
17 Changes in Transhumance Systems in Nepal: Analysing Socio-ecological Impacts Using Driver-Pressure- State-Impact-Response Framework
	Abstract
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Key Features of Transhumance System
		17.2.1 Transhumance as a Type of Pastoral Systems
		17.2.2 Components of Transhumance System
		17.2.3 Seasonal and Recurring Movement of Livestock: A Key Feature of Transhumance
		17.2.4 Livestock Production and Transhumance in Nepal
	17.3 Transhumance as a Social-Ecological System
	17.4 DPSIR Framework to Analyse Transhumance Systems in Nepal
		17.4.1 Drivers of Change to the Transhumance Systems
			17.4.1.1 Global/Regional Level Drivers
			17.4.1.2 National-Level Drivers
			17.4.1.3 Local-Level Drivers
		17.4.2 Actual Pressure from the Drivers of Change
		17.4.3 Current State or Trend of Transhumance Systems
		17.4.4 Possible Impacts of Current Trends in Transhumance Systems
			17.4.4.1 Social Impacts
			17.4.4.2 Ecological Impacts
		17.4.5 Likely Future Responses of Transhumance Systems
	17.5 Summary or Key Findings Using DPSIR Framework
	17.6 Conclusions and Policy Implications
	References
18 Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture for Food and Nutrition Security in Nepal
	Abstract
	18.1 Background and Introduction
	18.2 Why Fish?
	18.3 Fish Consumption
	18.4 Governance, Priorities and UN’s SDGs
	18.5 Fisheries
		18.5.1 Water Resources
		18.5.2 Capture Fisheries
		18.5.3 Fishing Communities and Methods
	18.6 Aquaculture
		18.6.1 Culture Systems
			18.6.1.1 Ponds
			18.6.1.2 Raceways
			18.6.1.3 Cages
		18.6.2 Small-Scale Integrated Aquaculture
		18.6.3 Commercial Aquaculture
		18.6.4 Advanced Aquaculture
		18.6.5 Aquaculture and Employment
	18.7 Education and Human Resources
	18.8 Fish Consumption
	18.9 Fish Markets and Import–Export
	18.10 Policy Recommendations
		18.10.1 Education, Research and Development
		18.10.2 Fisheries Management Policy
		18.10.3 Aquaculture Development Policy
	18.11 Conclusions
	References
Forestry, Community Forestry, and Agroforestry
19 Ecosystems Services from Community Forestry: Prospects and Challenges for Improving Local Livelihoods in Nepal
	Abstract
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 The National Context: Ecosystem Services and Community Forestry
	19.3 Data Sources and Methods
	19.4 Findings
		19.4.1 Community-Level Ecosystem Services Management Practices
			19.4.1.1 Traditional Forest Products and Services
			19.4.1.2 Newly Added Ecosystem Services in Community Level Forest Management
		19.4.2 Collective Action and Equitable Access
	19.5 Discussion: Prospects, Challenges, and Policy Implications
	19.6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
20 An Assessment of Selective Logging Policies and Practices in Nepal
	Abstract
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Selective Logging and Its Genesis
	20.3 Forest Management and Harvesting in Nepal
	20.4 Methodology
		20.4.1 Case Study Area
		20.4.2 Data Collection and Analysis
	20.5 Results
		20.5.1 Policies and Practices of Selective Logging in Nepal
		20.5.2 Selective Logging Practices and Its Impacts on Timber Production and Recovery in Nepal
	20.6 Discussions
	20.7 Implication of the Study
	20.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
21 Assessing the Potential of Agroforestry in Nepal: Socio-economic and Environmental Perspectives
	Abstract
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Agroforestry as a Source of Household Economy
	21.3 Agroforestry as a Land Restoration Strategy
	21.4 Agroforestry as a Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Strategy
	21.5 Constraints to and Opportunity for Agroforestry Promotion in Nepal
		21.5.1 Constraints
			21.5.1.1 Land Size
			21.5.1.2 Ambiguity in Policy
			21.5.1.3 Lack of Market Infrastructure
			21.5.1.4 Lack of Institutional Set up for Agroforestry Research and Development
			21.5.1.5 Lack of Awareness/Knowledge/Skills on Agroforestry Management
			21.5.1.6 Lack of Access to Credit Facility
			21.5.1.7 High Initial Investment and Transaction Costs
	21.6 Opportunities
		21.6.1 Land Abandonment
		21.6.2 Scope of Carbon Credits Under the Market-Based and PES Mechanisms
		21.6.3 Favourable Policy
		21.6.4 Agroforestry Under the Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) Regime
	21.7 Way Forward/Conclusion
	References
Cross-Cutting Topics
22 Achieving Water, Energy, and Food Security in Nepal Through Nexus Approach to Planning and Development
	Abstract
	22.1 Introduction
		22.1.1 Water–Energy–Food Security: Global Scenario
		22.1.2 Water–Energy–Food Security: South Asia Scenario
	22.2 Understanding Water–Energy–Food Nexus
	22.3 W–E–F Nexus Framework in the Context of Nepal
	22.4 Current State of Nepal’s Agriculture
	22.5 Potential for Increased Production and Revenue in Nepal
		22.5.1 Currently Irrigated and Potentially Irrigable Lands
		22.5.2 Groundwater Extraction for Irrigation
	22.6 W–E–F Nexus and Multipurpose Development Projects
	22.7 Case Studies on W–F–E Nexus Approach
		22.7.1 Case Study 1: Sunkoshi Marin Diversion Multipurpose Project
		22.7.2 Case Study 2: Bheri Babai Diversion Multipurpose Project
		22.7.3 Case Study 3: Comparing Conventional Tillage with Zero Tillage in Rice-Based Cropping Systems in the EGP: A W–E–F Nexus Perspective
	22.8 W–E–F Nexus and Climate Smart Agriculture
		22.8.1 Promote Climate Smart Agriculture
		22.8.2 Conduct Tradeoff Analysis of Irrigation Systems and Modeling for Profit Maximization
	22.9 W–E–F Nexus and SDGs
	22.10 Conclusions and Policy Implications
	References
23 Potential of Crop Simulation Models to Increase Food and Nutrition Security Under a Changing Climate in Nepal
	Abstract
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Simulation Model Application Framework
	23.3 Evaluations and Applications of Crop Simulation Models
		23.3.1 Evaluations and Applications in South Asia and Nepal
		23.3.2 Increasing Cereal Yields and Improving Food Security in Nepal
		23.3.3 Estimating and Understanding Yield Potential and Yield Gaps
		23.3.4 Simulating the Impact of Climate Change on Cereal Productivity
		23.3.5 Simulation Models as DSS Tools for Adaptation Strategies and Input Optimization
			23.3.5.1 Fertilizer Application and Site-Specific Nutrient Management
			23.3.5.2 Irrigation Scheduling, Water Management, and Water and N Interaction in Cereals
			23.3.5.3 Effects of Crop Varieties and Time of Planting on Simulated Yields
		23.3.6 Matching Productivity Required for Self-Sufficiency
	23.4 Policy Implications and Recommendations, and Limitations in Use of Simulation Models
		23.4.1 Limitations in Model Use
		23.4.2 Policy Implications and Recommendations
	23.5 Conclusions
	References
24 Agrobiodiversity Management for Gender-Equitable Adaptation to Climate Change: Investigating the Gendered Roots of Vulnerability in the Nepal Himalayas
	Abstract
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 The Himalayan Context of Agriculture, Climate Change and Gender-Based Inequalities
	24.3 Research Methodology, the Overall Context and the Study Site
	24.4 Analysis of Changing Agrobiodiversity Management Practices and Gender Relations
		24.4.1 Abandonment of Upland Rice and Foxtail Millet and Impacts on Livelihoods and Gender
		24.4.2 Adopting High-Yielding Rice Varieties, Gender Equality and Scientific Knowledge
	24.5 Exploring Gender and Adaptation Link: Three Key Themes
	24.6 Conclusions
	References
25 Correction to: Agriculture, Natural Resources and Food Security