Agricultural Wastes (Agriculture Issues and Policies Series)

AGRICULTURAL WASTES......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 9
INTRODUCTION......Page 17
Definition of Agricultural Waste......Page 18
POTENTIAL HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH AGRICULTURAL WASTE......Page 19
Natural Steroid Hormones......Page 20
Steroid Hormones Associated with Animal Waste in New Zealand......Page 22
Bacterial Pathogens from Animal Waste......Page 23
Production of Bioethanol......Page 24
Energy Production from Agricultural Waste......Page 25
Biogas Production......Page 27
Benefits from Biochar......Page 28
REFERENCES......Page 30
ABSTRACT......Page 35
INTRODUCTION......Page 36
CERCLA AND EPCRA......Page 37
ENFORCEMENT AGAINST AFOS......Page 38
CONGRESSIONAL INTEREST......Page 40
POLICY ISSUES......Page 41
ENDNOTES......Page 43
ABSTRACT......Page 45
INTRODUCTION......Page 46
Landfilling......Page 47
Biochemical and Microbiological Changes in Landfill......Page 48
Microbiology of Compost......Page 49
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION (AD)......Page 50
Fundamentals of Anaerobic Digestion......Page 51
Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion......Page 52
Overview of Silage Making (Ensiling)......Page 54
THERMOPHILIC AEROBIC DIGESTION......Page 55
Aeration of TAD Processes......Page 56
Operational Temperatures Employed in TAD......Page 58
Effect of Waste Load on Process Heating......Page 59
Effect of Substrate Load on Process Development......Page 60
Microbiology of Aerobic Thermophilic Digestion......Page 61
Physiological Features of Thermophiles Important in TAD......Page 62
Growth Rate, Yield and Maintenance of Thermophiles......Page 63
Effect of Temperature on Growth Yield and Maintenance......Page 64
DETERMINANTS OF MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM GROWTH TEMPERATURE......Page 65
TURNOVER OF MACROMOLECULES IN THERMOPHILES......Page 66
Development of Hydrolytic Enzymes During TAD......Page 67
Monitoring and Control of Aerobic Thermophilic Digestion......Page 68
Some Applications of Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion......Page 70
Application of Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion in Waste Pasteurisation......Page 71
Protein Enrichment and Reprocessing of Waste by TAD......Page 72
Concluding Remarks and Safety Consideration......Page 73
REFERENCES......Page 74
I. Modification of Soil Texture......Page 93
III. Water-Holding Capacity of Soil......Page 94
VI. Effect on Growth and Yield of Crops......Page 95
VII. Effect on Crop Growth and Yield......Page 98
VIII. Effect on Soil Health......Page 100
X. Effect on Ground Water......Page 101
USE OF FLY ASH AS A MINE SOIL AMENDMENT......Page 102
I. Ground Water......Page 103
III. Radionuclides......Page 104
REFERENCES......Page 105
ABSTRACT......Page 109
INTRODUCTION......Page 110
Impact of Pesticides on Humans......Page 111
Impact of Pesticides on Plants......Page 112
CHALLENGES AND MANAGEMENT OF PESTICIDES AS AGRICULTURALWASTE......Page 113
Prevention of Accumulation of Obsolete Pesticide Stocks......Page 115
REGULATIONS FOR PESTICIDE USE......Page 116
EFFORTS AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL......Page 117
CONCLUSION......Page 120
REFERENCES......Page 121
ABSTRACT......Page 125
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 126
2.2. Material Characterizations......Page 127
2.3. Ammonia Gas Adsorption in Enclosed Bag......Page 128
2.4. Removal of Ammonia Gas from Fermenting Compost......Page 129
2.5. Giving Carbonized RH to Growing Pigs to Reduce Offensive Odor from Dung......Page 130
3.1. Material Properties of Carbonized RH......Page 131
3.2. Ammonia Gas Adsorption Performance of Carbonized RH in Enclosed Bag and Comparison with Commercial Deodorants and Carbonized Wood Wastes......Page 132
3. 3. Mechanisms of Ammonia Adsorption on Carbonized RH......Page 133
3.4. Removal of Ammonia Gas from Fermenting Compost by Carbonized RH......Page 136
3.5. Reducing Offensive Odor from Pig Dung by Carbonized RH......Page 139
4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 140
REFERENCES......Page 141
ABSTRACT......Page 145
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 146
2. MICROORGANISMS: AN ASSEST IN SCP PRODUCTION......Page 148
2.3. Bacteria......Page 149
3. SOURCES FOR SCP PRODUCTION AND CULTIVATION METHODS......Page 150
4.1. Toxins Produced by Bacteria and their Removal......Page 151
4.2. Toxins Produced by Fungi (Mycotoxins) and Their Removal......Page 152
5. NUCLEIC ACIDS AND ITS REMOVAL......Page 153
6. NEW DEVELOPMENTS FOR IMPROVEMENT IN SCP PRODUCTION......Page 154
6.1. Application of New Substrates in Solid State Fermentation (SSF) for SCP Production and Commercialization of SCP......Page 155
8.1. As Feed......Page 158
8.2. SCP for Human Consumption......Page 159
9. RISK ASSESSMENT OF SCP IN FOOD AND FEED......Page 160
CONCLUSION......Page 161
REFERENCES......Page 162
ABSTRACT......Page 171
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 172
1.1. Coffee Processing......Page 173
II. COFFEE HUSKS AND PULP......Page 175
2.1. Livestock Feed......Page 177
1.2.1.Detoxification Studies......Page 181
2.3. Fuel......Page 183
2.4. Fermentation Studies......Page 184
2.4.1. Ethanol Production......Page 186
2.6. Production of Mushrooms......Page 187
2.7. Adsorption Studies......Page 188
3. DEFECTIVE COFFEE BEANS......Page 189
3.1. Fuel......Page 190
4. SPENT COFFEE GROUNDS......Page 191
4.1. Fuel......Page 192
4.2. Adsorption Studies......Page 193
4.3. Other Applications......Page 194
5. CONCLUSION......Page 195
REFERENCES......Page 197
ABSTRACT......Page 207
INTRODUCTION......Page 208
AGRICULTURAL FARM WASTES: OVERVIEW......Page 209
VERMICOMPOSTING AS A TECHNOLOGY......Page 211
VERMICOMPOSTING OF INDUSTRIAL SLUDGE......Page 214
CASE STUDIES FROM INDIA AND ELSEWHERE......Page 217
BOTTLENECKS OF IMPLEMENTING SLUDGE VERMICOMPOSTING AT THE INDUSTRIAL LEVEL......Page 220
ATTRIBUTES OF AN IDEAL SLUDGE FOR VERMICOMPOSTING......Page 222
VERMICOMPOSTING AS AN INCENTIVE FOR INDUSTRIES......Page 223
Water Quality Issues......Page 224
Greenhouse Gas Emissions......Page 225
Improvement of Soil Health......Page 226
CONCLUSION......Page 227
REFERENCES......Page 229
ABSTRACT......Page 235
VEGETABLE FIBERS AS NON-CONVENTIONAL BUILDING MATERIAL......Page 236
PHOSPHOGYPSUM AS NON-CONVENTIONAL BUILDING MATERIAL......Page 239
VEGETABLE FIBERS: COMPONENTS AND PERFORMANCE......Page 240
Matrix Modification By Less Alkali Blends......Page 241
Effects of Fiber Content......Page 245
Reducing Mineralization of the Fibers By Their Chemical Modification......Page 247
Improving Fiber to Cement Bonding......Page 250
Effect of Decreasing the Distance Between Fibers......Page 251
ROOFING TILES......Page 252
Improving Tiles Performance By Accelerated Carbonation......Page 253
Thermal Properties of Produced Tiles......Page 258
PHOSPHOGYPSUM: RADIOLOGICAL CONCERNS AND PERFORMANCE......Page 261
MODELING AND SIMULATION OF RADON-222 EXHALATION......Page 262
Modeling 222Rn Exhalation from Phosphogypsum Materials: Primitive Variables......Page 263
Modeling 222rn Exhalation from Phosphogypsum Materials: Dimensionless Variables......Page 268
PHOSPHOGYPSUM PROPERTIES......Page 270
CONCLUSION......Page 273
REFERENCES......Page 274
ABSTRACT......Page 281
2. WASTE BIOMASS......Page 282
3. LIQUID BIOFUELS......Page 286
3.1. Biodiesel from Agri-Food Residues......Page 288
3.2. Bioalcohols from Agri-Food Residues......Page 290
3.2.1. Bioethanol......Page 291
3.2.2. Biobutanol......Page 292
3.3. Dimethyl Ether......Page 294
3.4. Bio-Oil......Page 295
4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 297
REFERENCES......Page 299
INDEX......Page 307