Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2019

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Executive Summary
	Recommendations
Chapter 1.  Developments in agricultural policy and support
	Key economic and market developments
	Recent developments in countries’ agricultural policies
		New multi-annual agricultural policy frameworks are generally in line with previous frameworks
		Newly elected governments defined new policy objectives or measures
		Some countries reduced intervention on markets, while others increased support to producer prices
		Several countries introduced new direct payments, or extended existing ones
		Risk management instruments were adjusted, extended or introduced
		Incentives to facilitate or guide agricultural investment
		Measures affecting land transfer were introduced or are envisaged
		New measures were implemented to enhanced sustainable management of pest and diseases
		Plans to improve the sustainable management of natural resources and environmental performance of agriculture were introduced or extended
		Various actions aim to mitigate climate change and its effects
		Actions were taken to improve the functioning of the food chain
		New regulations were developed, mainly to improve the efficiency of food safety procedures, and clarify the labelling of food characteristics
		Several countries are strengthening animal welfare regulations
		Efforts to strengthen agricultural innovation systems continue
		The digitalisation of rural areas received increasing attention
		Institutional consolidation is taking place
		Import bans and changes in tariffs occurred outside trade agreements.
		Changes in trade measures also affected exports, including support to mitigate the effect of tariffs
		A number of regional and bilateral trade agreements were signed
		Trade negotiations continued or were launched
	Developments in agricultural support
		Support to producers in the OECD area and emerging economies has converged until 2015, but diverged since
		Market price support remains the main component of producer support on average, but varies across countries and commodities
		The level of price distortions is generally falling, although there are large gaps between domestic and world prices in some countries
		A wide range of policies contribute to raise or depress farm prices
			Domestic price support policies and marketing agencies
			Policies that restrict commodity imports
			Policies that enhance exports
			Policies that restrict exports
		Consumers continue to bear most of the costs of producer support in many countries
		In most countries, support is predominantly provided through measures that are most distorting to production and trade
		There is a trend towards payments that are less coupled with production decisions
		Payments are increasingly tied to specific production practices, reflecting the importance of objectives related to society at large
		Support to general services varies significantly across countries in both importance and priorities
		The burden of agricultural support on countries’ economies has generally declined
	Environmental performance of agriculture: policy impacts and developments
		Recent findings on the environmental impacts of agricultural support policies
		Recent trends in the environmental performance of agriculture
			Agricultural nutrient surpluses have declined, deficits reduced, but pressures remain high in some countries
			Agricultural greenhouse gas emissions have increased and ammonia emissions have decreased
			The trend towards lower agricultural water abstraction continues
			The loss of crop diversity, landscape heterogeneity and increased pesticides use have strong impacts on farmland biodiversity
		Recent advances in indicators for monitoring progress towards international commitments on sustainability: Measuring progress on SDG 2.4
	Assessing support and reforms
		While there has been considerable movement towards more effective and less distorting policies, progress has stalled over the last decade and support remains unequal across countries and commodities
		Recent policy developments are often in response to trade and market developments
		Significant opportunities for the sector come with challenges to meeting them sustainably
		Improving policy coherence and transparency is crucial to meeting future challenges and opportunities
		Most distorting support undermining future productivity and sustainability improvement needs to be phased out
		Governments should prioritise investment in general services that enable productivity and sustainable agricultural development
		There is ample scope to improve policy efficiency by targeting producer support to sector goals
		More efforts are needed to monitor and evaluate the environmental implications of agricultural support policies
	Notes
	References
		Annex 1.A. Definition of OECD indicators of agricultural support
	Nominal indicators used in this report
	Ratio indicators and percentage indicators
	Drivers of the change in PSE
		Decomposition of PSE
		Change in Producer Price
		Decomposition of the change in the Border Price
	Definition of GSSE categories
		Agricultural knowledge and innovation system
		Inspection and control
		Development and maintenance of infrastructure
		Marketing and promotion
			Part I. Developments in Agricultural Policy and Support by Country
Part I. Developments in Agricultural Policy and Support by Country
	Chapter 2.  Overall trends in agricultural support
		OECD Countries
		Emerging Economies
		Note
		All countries
	Chapter 3.  Argentina
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
		References
	Chapter 4.  Australia
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
		Note
		References
	Chapter 5.  Brazil
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
		Notes
	Chapter 6.  Canada
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
				Risk management
				Business and market development
				Inclusiveness
				Environment and climate change
				Public trust and animal welfare
				Plant and animal health
				Food safety
				Food policy
				Innovation and knowledge transfer
				New product
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
		References
	Chapter 7.  Chile
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
		Note
		References
	Chapter 8.  China
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
				Developments in the legal framework
				Institutional rearrangements
				Domestic price support policies
				Payments to producers
				Stockholding policies
				Changes in the regulatory environment
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
				Changes to import tariffs and other taxes on imports
				Import quotas
				Measures relating to sanitary and phytosanitary aspects
				Other trade-related developments
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 9.  Colombia
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
		References
	Chapter 10.  Costa Rica
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
		References
	Chapter 11.  European Union
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
				Overall support
				CAP Direct payments
				Markets and sector support
				Agri-environment and climate
				Fuel tax relief
				Investment
				Risk management
				Responses to animal disease & plant pests
				Response to adverse weather conditions
				Digitalisation
				Regulations
				Pollinators
				Tax
				Market promotion
				Institutional changes
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
				Disputes
				Free Trade Agreements
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 12.  Iceland
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
	Chapter 13.  India
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
				Domestic price support policies
				Stockholding policies
				Subsidies for variable inputs use
				Other payments to producers
				Domestic marketing regulations
				Changes to land regulations
				Policies relating to agri-environmental areas
				Support to processors
				Food subsidy
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
				Changes to tariff measures and other taxes on imports
				Export measures
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 14.  Israel
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
		Note
		References
	Chapter 15.  Japan
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 16.  Kazakhstan
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 17.  Korea
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
		Note
		References
	Chapter 18.  Mexico
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
		Note
	Chapter 19.  New Zealand
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 20.  Norway
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
	Chapter 21.  Philippines
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
		Note
		References
	Chapter 22.  Russian Federation
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 23.  South Africa
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
		Notes
	Chapter 24.  Switzerland
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
	Chapter 25.  Turkey
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
		References
	Chapter 26.  Ukraine
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
		Notes
	Chapter 27.  United States
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
				Highlights from the 2018 Farm Bill
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
		Note
		References
	Chapter 28.  Viet Nam
		Support to agriculture
		Main policy changes
		Assessment and recommendations
		Contextual information
		Description of policy developments
			Main policy instruments
			Domestic policy developments in 2018-19
			Trade policy developments in 2018-19
		Note
		References
			Annex I.A. Sources and Definitions of Contextual Indicators