Aging power delivery infrastructures

Content: Aging Power Delivery InfrastructuresIntroduction and OverviewAging Infrastructure Management Must Become A Mainstream Part of Utility OperationsWhat is the Infrastructure Involved?Characteristics of an Aging InfrastructurePower Delivery SystemsThe Business Environment Has ChangedFive Factors Contribute to Aging Infrastructure ProblemsCondition, Criticality, and ConsequencesConcluding RemarksPower Delivery SystemsIntroductionT&D System's MissionThe "Laws of T&D"Levels of the T&D SystemUtility Distribution EquipmentT&D CostsTypes of Delivery System DesignSmart GridConclusionCustomer Demand for Power and Reliability of ServiceThe Two-Qs: Quantity and Quality of PowerElectric Consumer Need for Quantity of PowerElectric Consumer Need for Quality of PowerTwo-Q Analyses: Quantity and Quality of Power Are Both Important Aspects of Consumer ValueConclusion and SummaryPower System Reliability and Reliability of ServiceIntroductionOutages Cause InterruptionsReliability IndicesReliability and Contingency Criteria for PlanningCost Is Usually the Major ConsiderationTwo-Q Analysis of Power SystemsConclusion and SummaryCost and Economic EvaluationIntroductionCostsTime Value of MoneyDecision Bases and Cost-Effectiveness EvaluationBudget-Constrained Planning: Marginal Benefit versus Cost AnalysisAsset Management and Pareto AnalysisConclusionEquipment Inspection, Testing, and DiagnosticsIntroductionInspection, Testing, and Diagnostic EvaluationEquipment Testing and Diagnosis MethodsTests and Diagnosis of Insulating OilOnLine and Real-Time Monitoring and TestingSummary and Final CommentsAging Equipment and Its ImpactsIntroductionEquipment AgingEquipment Failure Rate Increases with AgeImpact of Escalating Failure RatesSummary of Key PointsObsolete System StructuresIntroductionObsolete Systems LayoutsImpacts on the Sub-transmission - Substation LevelFeeder System Impacts"Fixes" For Outdated System StructuresSummary of Key PointsTraditional Reliability Engineering Tools and Their LimitationsIntroductionContingency-Based Planning MethodsLimitations of N-1 MethodologyOther Planning Related ConcernsSummary and ConclusionPrimary Distribution Planning and Engineering InteractionsIntroductionDistribution Planning and the Perceived Role of DistributionFlexibility and Effectiveness in Feeder Level PlanningSmart Distribution SystemsConclusionEquipment Condition AssessmentIntroductionWhat Does "Condition" Mean?Analysis, Modeling, and PredictionPower TransformersSwitchgear and Circuit BreakersUnderground Equipment and CablesOverhead Lines and Associated EquipmentService Transformers and Service CircuitsEvaluating and Prioritizing Equipment ConditionCondition TrackingSummary and Final CommentsOptimizationIntroductionPrioritizing Inspection, Maintenance, and ServiceReliability-Centered MaintenanceBasic Reliability-Centered PrioritizationPrioritization of the Type of MaintenancePractical Aspects for ImplementationExtending Reliability-Centered Prioritization to Other Operations FunctionsOptimizationConclusion and RecommendationsPlanning Methods for Aging T&D InfrastructuresIntroductionPlanning: Finding the Best AlternativeShort- and Long-Range PlanningThe T&D Planning ProcessThe Systems ApproachSummary of Planning in an Aging T&D InfrastructurePlanning Reliability of an Aging SystemIntroductionReliability Can Be EngineeredMethods for Distribution System Reliability AssessmentApplication of Analytical Simulation for Detailed Reliability AssessmentUse of a Hybrid Analytical SolutionConclusion and Key PointsT&D Equipment Management PhilosophiesIntroductionFour Philosophies of OwnershipComparing the Four Ownership PhilosophiesOrganizational cultureSix Different Companies: Six Different PhilosophiesBig States Electric - Asset ManagementMid-State Electric Company - Reliability-Centered MaintenanceInternational Bulk Petroleum Fluids - Buy, Burn, and BashBig State University System - Standards BasedThird-World Orphan Rescue Foundation: Uniquely Standards BasedHuey Longwaites International Airport - Buy, Burn, & BashSummary and ConclusionCase Study: Wood Distribution Pole ManagementIntroductionAn Inauspicious BeginningOverview of ApproachThe Data ChaseBuilding the Historical Model of Pole OwnershipBuilding the Predictive ModelWhat the Model Says About the FutureProjections of Pole-Related Costs and PerformanceFinding the Bad Poles in the Asset BasePole Replacement Merit and EconomicsOptions for Pole Replacement ProgramsCL&P's Plan for Dealing with Aging Wooden Distribution PolesGuidelines and RecommendationsIntroductionFive Interrelated FactorsResults-Driven Management (RDM)Steps to Mitigate Aging Infrastructure EffectsThe Aging Infrastructure Management Program ItselfNotes on a Spreadsheet-Based Model for Aging TrendsIntroductionThe Concept: Incrementing an Age DistributionMulti-Sheet Structure of a More Practical ModelFitting and Calibrating a ModelReal World Data Situations: Getting a SolutionComments on ApplicationSustainable Point AnalysisIntroductionElements of Aging Infrastructure AnalysisQuantitative ExamplesMetrics for Measuring Aging InfrastructuresEffect of Different Failure Rate Curve ShapesReading Age DistributionsApplying Economic AnalysisSummary of Key Points