AGING AND HEARING : causes and consequences.

Series Preface
	Springer Handbook of Auditory Research
Preface 1992
Volume Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Listening to All Voices: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Understanding Hearing in Aging
	1.1 Purpose of This Book
	1.2 Chapter-by-Chapter Overview
	1.3 Future Directions
	References
Chapter 2: Genetic and Molecular Aspects of the Aging Auditory System
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Oxidative Stress
		2.2.1 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species by the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain
		2.2.2 Influence of Aging on Antioxidant Defense
		2.2.3 Influence of Aging on Gpx6, Txnrd1, Idh1, and Hspb1 Expression in Cochlea
		2.2.4 Role of NRF2 in Reducing Oxidative Stress in Cochlea
		2.2.5 Role of IDH2 in the Mitochondrial Antioxidant Defense in Cochlea
		2.2.6 Role of SIRT3 in Enhancing the Mitochondrial Antioxidant Defense in Cochlea under Calorie Restriction
		2.2.7 Role of SIRT1 in the Antioxidant Defense in Cochlea
		2.2.8 Role of Citrate Synthase in the Maintenance of Mitochondrial Function in Cochlea
		2.2.9 Role of Mitochondrial DNA Mutations in Cochlear Aging
	2.3 Apoptosis
		2.3.1 Two Major Pathways of Apoptosis
		2.3.2 Influence of Aging on Apoptotic Genes in Cochlea
		2.3.3 Role of BCL11b in Protecting Cochlear Hair Cells Against Apoptosis
		2.3.4 Role of PTEN in Promoting Apoptotic Cell Death in Cochlea
		2.3.5 Role of XIAP in Protecting Cochlear Hair Cells and Spiral Ganglion Neurons Against Apoptosis
	2.4 Neurodegeneration
		2.4.1 Neuronal Death, Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Hidden Hearing Loss
		2.4.2 Role of Amyloid-β in Cochlear Neurodegeneration
		2.4.3 Role of GIPC3 in the Protection of Spiral Ganglion Neurons
		2.4.4 Neuroprotective Role of P2RX2 in Cochlea
		2.4.5 Role of Estrogen in the Central and Peripheral Auditory Nervous Systems
			2.4.5.1 ESRRβ, ESR2, and ESRRγ
			2.4.5.2 WBP2
	2.5 Development
		2.5.1 Role of Growth Hormone in Cochlear Development
		2.5.2 Role of RET in the Development of Cochlea and the Maintenance of Cochlear Function
		2.5.3 Role of ISL1 in the Development of Cochlea and Maintenance of Cochlear Hair Cells
	2.6 Immune Response
		2.6.1 Aging of the Immune System
		2.6.2 Neuroprotective Role of MIF in Cochlea
	2.7 Candidate Genes Associated with AHL
		2.7.1 Mouse Mutagenesis Screens
		2.7.2 Genome-Wide Association Study
	2.8 Recommendations for Future Research and Concluding Remarks
		2.8.1 Gender Bias
		2.8.2 Genetic Background
		2.8.3 Age at ABR Testing
		2.8.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 3: The Aging Cochlea and Auditory Nerve
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 The Importance of Animal Models
	3.3 Age-Related Perceptual Deficits: Cochlea or Brain?
	3.4 The Nature of Age-Related Cochlear Pathology
		3.4.1 Classifying Presbycusis
			3.4.1.1 Hair Cells and Organ of Corti
			3.4.1.2 Afferent Neurons
			3.4.1.3 Cochlear Lateral Wall
			3.4.1.4 Stria Vascularis and the Endocochlear Potential
			3.4.1.5 Other Nonsensory Cells
	3.5 Can Presbycusis Be Prevented by Preventing Injury?
		3.5.1 Quiet-Aged Animals
		3.5.2 Quiet-Aged Humans
	3.6 Risk Factors for Presbycusis
		3.6.1 Sex and Ethnicity
		3.6.2 Lifestyle
		3.6.3 Diet
		3.6.4 Genetics and Epigenetics
	3.7 Summary
	References
Chapter 4: Age-Related Changes in the Auditory Brainstem and Inferior Colliculus
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Age-Related Changes in the Structure of the Cochlear Nucleus
	4.3 Age-Related Changes in the Neurochemistry of the Cochlear Nucleus
	4.4 Age-Related Changes in the Function of the Cochlear Nucleus
	4.5 Age-Related Changes in the Structure of the Superior Olivary Complex
	4.6 Age-Related Changes in the Neurochemistry of the Superior Olivary Complex
	4.7 Age-Related Changes in the Function of the Superior Olivary Complex
	4.8 Age-Related Changes in the Function of the Medial Olivocochlear Efferent System
	4.9 Age-Related Changes in the Structure of the Inferior Colliculus
	4.10 Age-Related Changes in the Neurochemistry of the Inferior Colliculus
	4.11 Age-Related Changes in the Function of the Inferior Colliculus
	4.12 Chapter Summary
	References
Chapter 5: Age-Related Changes in the Primate Auditory Cortex
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Psychophysically Measured Age-Related Hearing Deficits
		5.1.2 The Macaque Monkey as an Animal Model of Age-Related Hearing Loss
	5.2 Effects on Subcortical Structures
		5.2.1 Peripheral Effects
		5.2.2 Anatomical Studies of Subcortical Areas
		5.2.3 Implications of Histochemical Results
	5.3 Physiological Studies in the Auditory Cortex
		5.3.1 Spontaneous and Driven Activity
		5.3.2 Spatial Processing
		5.3.3 Temporal Processing
	5.4 Summary
	References
Chapter 6: The Aging Auditory System: Electrophysiology
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Auditory Nerve
	6.3 Subcortical: Auditory Brainstem and Midbrain
		6.3.1 Wave V of the Auditory Brainstem Response
		6.3.2 Brainstem Potentials as Metrics of Temporal Processing
		6.3.3 Environmental Enrichment: Brainstem Responses
		6.3.4 Associations with Cognitive Decline: Brainstem Responses
	6.4 Auditory Cortex
		6.4.1 Associations with Temporal Processing: Cortical Responses
		6.4.2 Associations with Neural Oscillations: Cortical Responses
		6.4.3 Environmental Enrichment: Cortical Responses
		6.4.4 Associations with Cognitive Decline: Cortical Responses
	6.5 Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
Chapter 7: Age-Related Changes in Segregation of Sound Sources
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Cues to Sound Source Segregation
		7.2.1 Spectrotemporal Cues
		7.2.2 Spatial Cues
		7.2.3 Contextual Cues
	7.3 Age-Related Changes in Sensitivity to Segregation Cues
		7.3.1 Sensitivity to Temporal Cues
		7.3.2 Sensitivity to Spectral Cues
		7.3.3 Sensitivity to Spatial Cues
		7.3.4 Sensitivity to Contextual Cues
	7.4 Age-Related Changes in the Segregation of Speech from Competing Sounds
		7.4.1 Segregation Based on Monaural Cues
		7.4.2 Segregation Based on Binaural Cues
		7.4.3 Segregation Based on Contextual Cues
	7.5 Realistic Listening Environments
	7.6 Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
Chapter 8: Causes and Consequences of Age-Related Hearing Loss
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Who Has Age-Related Hearing Loss?
		8.2.1 Measurement of Age-Related Hearing Loss
		8.2.2 Prevalence (Existing Cases) of Age-Related Hearing Loss
		8.2.3 Incidence (New Cases) of Age-Related Hearing Loss
	8.3 What Increases Risk for Age-Related Hearing Loss?
		8.3.1 Genetic Factors Associated with Age-Related Hearing Loss
		8.3.2 Noise Exposure
		8.3.3 Environmental Exposures
		8.3.4 Medications and Radiation
		8.3.5 Cardiovascular and Lifestyle Factors
	8.4 What Are the Consequences of Age-Related Hearing Loss?
		8.4.1 How Epidemiologic Evidence Is Evaluated to Establish Cause
		8.4.2 Communication and Quality of Life
		8.4.3 Cognition and Mental Health
		8.4.4 Physical Function and Disability
		8.4.5 Social Isolation and Loneliness
		8.4.6 Health Resource Utilization
		8.4.7 Impact of Hearing Aid Treatment
	8.5 Summary
	References
Chapter 9: Age-Related Changes in Speech Understanding: Peripheral Versus Cognitive Influences
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Peripheral and Central Issues
		9.2.1 Peripheral Hearing Loss
		9.2.2 Decline in Central/Temporal Processes
		9.2.3 Effects of Decline in Central Auditory Temporal Processing on Speech Understanding in Quiet
		9.2.4 Speech Stream Segregation and Decline in Central-Temporal Processing
		9.2.5 Phonological Analysis and Lexical Processing
	9.3 Cognitive Processes
		9.3.1 Cognitive Change in Adult Aging
		9.3.2 Cognition and Speech Understanding in Degraded and Complex Listening Environments
	9.4 Working Memory, Linguistic Context, and Speech Understanding
		9.4.1 The Ease of Language Understanding Model
		9.4.2 False Hearing
	9.5 The Cost of Listening Effort
	9.6 Emerging Issues/New Directions
		9.6.1 Aging, Cochlear Implants, and Speech Understanding
		9.6.2 Language Background, Speech Understanding, and Aging
	9.7 Final Comments
	References
Chapter 10: Aging, Hearing Loss, and Listening Effort: Imaging Studies of the Aging Listener
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Neuroimaging Methods for Auditory Research in Older Adults
		10.2.1 Spatial-Temporal Tradeoffs
		10.2.2 Measurement Noise
		10.2.3 Acoustic Noise
	10.3 Theories of Effortful Listening
	10.4 Theories of Age-Related Changes in Effortful Listening
	10.5 Neuroimaging Studies of the Impact of Aging on Auditory Processing
	10.6 Neuroimaging Studies of the Impact of Aging on Linguistic Processing
	10.7 Neuroimaging Studies of the Impact of Aging on Executive Functioning
		10.7.1 Working Memory
		10.7.2 Attention
			10.7.2.1 Orienting
			10.7.2.2 Selective Attention
			10.7.2.3 Adaptive Control
	10.8 Neuroimaging Studies of the Impact of Aging on Motivation and Arousal
		10.8.1 Value of Communication
		10.8.2 Sustained Attention, Vigilance, and Arousal
	10.9 Clinical Implications and Future Directions
		10.9.1 Targeted Assessments
		10.9.2 Targeted Interventions
	10.10 Summary
	References
Chapter 11: Functional Consequences of Impaired Hearing in Older Adults and Implications for Intervention
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 The World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health
		11.2.1 Hearing Impairment
			11.2.1.1 Pure-Tone Audiometric Profiles
			11.2.1.2 Speech Understanding
		11.2.2 Activity Limitations and Participation Restrictions
			11.2.2.1 Interview Data from Older Adults and Their Communication Partners
			11.2.2.2 Questionnaire Data from Older Adults and Their Communication Partners
			11.2.2.3 Associations of Hearing Impairment with Self-Reported Disability
		11.2.3 Contextual Factors
			11.2.3.1 Personal Factors
				11.2.3.1.1 Suprathreshold Deficits in Auditory Processing
				11.2.3.1.2 Comorbidities
			11.2.3.2 Environmental Factors
	11.3 Interventions
		11.3.1 Interventions at the Impairment Level
			11.3.1.1 Hearing Aids
			11.3.1.2 Hearing Aid Uptake and Usage
			11.3.1.3 Efficacy of Hearing Aids
			11.3.1.4 Contextual Factors Influencing Hearing Aid Uptake and Usage
		11.3.2 Interventions at the Activity and Participation Levels
			11.3.2.1 Communication Education
			11.3.2.2 Social Psychological Interventions
			11.3.2.3 Cognitive Intervention
			11.3.2.4 Environmental Interventions
	11.4 Chapter Summary
	References
Chapter 12: Emerging Clinical Translational Treatment Strategies for Age-Related Hearing Loss
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Chemical and Drug Approaches
		12.2.1 Pioneering Explorations of Drugs to Treat Age-Related Hearing Loss
			12.2.1.1 Age-Related Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Oxidative Stress and Reactive Oxygen Species
			12.2.1.2 Disruption of Calcium Regulation with Age Can Result in Ca2+ Cellular Toxicity
			12.2.1.3 Hormonal Interventions: Sodium and Potassium Regulation in the Cochlea
			12.2.1.4 Hormonal Interventions: Is Hormone Replacement Therapy the Answer?
			12.2.1.5 The First Phase 2 FDA Clinical Trial for Age-Related Hearing Loss
		12.2.2 Technological Advances for New Therapeutic Compound Delivery to the Cochlea
			12.2.2.1 Programmable Micropumps for Cochlear Drug Delivery
			12.2.2.2 Injectable Hydrogels for Inner Ear Applications
			12.2.2.3 Acoustic Approaches: Sound Supplementation Strategies
	12.3 Ear and Brain Training Techniques
	12.4 Summary
	References