Agglomeration of Iron Ores

Chapter 1: Introduction 
1.1 Preamble 
1.2 Definition and Category 
1.3 Scope of Agglomeration 
1.4 Need for Agglomeration 
1.5 Raw Materials for Agglomeration
1.6 The Agglomeration Processes 
1.7 Iron-Making 
1.8 R&D 
1.9 Techno-Economics 
1.10 Evolutionary Phases 
Chapter 2: Raw Materials : Characterization and Preparation 
2.1 Categories and Specifications 
2.2 Characterization of Raw Materials
2.3 Genesis of Iron Ore 
2.4 Classification of Iron Ores 
2.5 Mineralogy of Iron Ores 
2.6 Preparation of Iron Ores 
2.7 Industrial Practice on Iron Ore Beneficiation and Process Flow Sheets
2.8 Handling of Iron Ores
Chapter 3: Iron-Making Processes 
3.1 Preamble 
3.2 Reduction of Iron Oxide 
3.3 Direct Reduction Processes 
3.4 Blast Furnace (BF) Iron Making Process 
3.5 Blast Furnace (BF) Iron-Making Reactions 
3.6 Blast Furnace Performance : Factors Affecting 
Chapter 4:: Agglomerates in Iron-Making Processes 
4.1 Preamble
4.2 Agglomerates in Iron Making Processes 
4.3 Properties of Agglomerates
4.4 Quantitative Effect on Blast Furnace Performance 
Chapter 5: Process of Sintering 
5.1 Preamble 
The Sintering Process 
Control of Sinter Plant Operation 
5.4 Pollution Control and Waste Heat Recovery 
5.5 Recycling of Steel Plant Solid Waste 
5.6 Non-conventional / Other Process
Chapter 6: Sintering Fundamental 
6.1 The Process of Sintering 
6.2 Sintering Zones
6.3 Air Flow and Permeability 
6. 4 Structure and Porosity of Bed 
6. 5 Granules and Granulation 
6.6 Thermal Characteristics during Sintering 
6.7 Bonding in Sinter 
6.8 Assimilation and Coalescence 
6.9 Sintering Reactions 
6.10 Sintering Reaction and Mineralogy 
6.11 Mass Balance 
6.12 Heat Balance 
6.13 Ignition 
6.14 Combustion of Solid Fuel in Sintering 
Chapter 7: Sinter Productivity: Theoretical Consideration and Plant Practice
7.1 Sinter Productivity 
7.2 Bed Permeability and Bed Structure 
7.3 Iron Ores: Particle Size and Characteristics 
7.4 Granulation 
7.5 Moisture Content of Sinter Mix 
7.6 Sinter Basicity and MgO Content 
7.7 Coke and Fluxes: Content, Nature and Particle Size 
7.8 Return Fines 
7.9 Sinter Mean Size 
Chapter 8: Sinter Mineralogy 
8.1 Preamble 
8.2 Major Constituents and Desired Mineralogy of Sinter
8.3 Mineralogical Terminology 
8.4 Sintering Reaction and Mineralogy 
8.5 5 Composition and Mineralogical Characteristics of Fluxed Sinter 
8.6 Process Variables and Sinter Mineralogy
8.7 Sinter Chemistry and its Mineralogy 
8.8 Sinter Mineralogy and Quality Parameters 
Chapter 9: Sinter Quality: Theoretical Consideration and Plant Practice
9.1 Sinter Quality and Contributing Factors 
9.2 Sinter Mineralogy and its Quality Parameters 
9.3 Cold Strength
9.4 Sinter Reducibility
9.5 Sinter Reduction –Degradation Index (RDI)
9.6 Salient Ways to Improve Sinter RDI 
Chapter 10: Process and Operational Variables with respect to Sintering 
10.1 Preamble 
10.2 Iron Ore : Characteristics and Size Parameters 
10.3 Alumina Content of Ore
10.4 Sinter Basicity 
10.5 MgO Content of Sinter 
10.6 Fluxes: Size Parameters, Calcination and Assimilation 
10.7 Solid Fuel 
10.8 Newer Coating and Granulation Techniques
Chapter 11: Pelletization Process
11.1 Pelletization Process 
11.2 Raw Materials and their Preparation 
11.3 Pelletization Steps 
11.4 Environmental Pollution and Control 
11.5 Specification of Pelletization Plants 
11.6 Composite Pellets 
Chapter 12: Green Pelletization: Process and Mechanism
12.1 Balling Process 
12.2 Formation of Green Balls and Growth 
12.3 Strength of Wet Agglomerates
12.4 Viscosity Effect and Binders 
12.5 Elastic and Plastic Deformation of Green Pellets 
12.6 Stages of Pellet Formation and Growth 
12.7 Kinetics of Ball Growth 
Chapter 13: Quality of Green Pellets 
13.1 Preamble 
13.2 Size and Porosity of Pellets 
13.3 Drop Resistance (Number) 
13.4 Wet Compressive Strength
Chapter 14: Induration of Green Pellets 
14.1 Preamble 
14.2 Pellet Induration : Steps 
14.3 Process of Induration using Shaft Furnace 
14.4 Straight Grate Process of Pellet Induration 
14.5 Grate-Kiln-Cooler Process 
14.6 Comparison of Straight Grate Process vis-à-vis Grate Kiln Process
14.7 Factors influencing the Induration Process (and Pellet Quality) 
14.8 Fuel Substitution in Pellet Induration 
Chapter 15: Reactions and Formation of Phases during Induration
15.1 Preamble 
15.2 Induration of Magnetite bearing Pellets and Phases Formed 
15.3 Induration of Hematite bearing Pellets and Phases formed 
15.4 Induration: Magnetite vis-à-vis Hematite Concentrate 
15.5 Phases and Pores in Indurated Pellets 
15.6 Parameters influencing the Mineral Phases in Indurated Pellets 
15.7 Parameters Influencing the Porosity in Indurated Pellets 
15.8 Duplex Structure
Chapter 16; Quality of Indurated Pellets 
16.1 Preamble: Pellet Properties and Factors Influencing 
16.2 Pellet Chemistry 
16.3 Bulk Density and Angle of Repose 
16.4 Crushing Strength (CCS)
16.5 Porosity .
16.6 Swelling Index
16.7 Pellet Reducibility 
16.8 Reduction – Degradation Index (RDI) 
16.9 Softening and Melt-Down Characteristics