African Regional Trade Agreements as Legal Regimes

CONTENTS
......Page 6
FIGURES
......Page 16
TABLES
......Page 17
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
......Page 18
ABBREVIATIONS
......Page 20
TABLE OF CASES
......Page 26
INTRODUCTION
......Page 28
A Introduction......Page 34
1 Adaptations of the Vinerian model......Page 41
2 Flexibility as enmeshment in the African context......Page 48
3 African RTAs as forums of integrated development and functionally specific projects......Page 52
4 Multiplicity of objectives: The merits and de-merits of nestling non-trade objectives in African RTAs......Page 57
5 African RTAs as bulwarks of self-reliance and economic independence......Page 60
A Introduction......Page 67
B Reasons for the adoption of variable geometry......Page 69
C Variable geometry as a solution of adjusting the costs and benefits of integration......Page 74
D The East African Court of Justice's Variable Geometry Advisory Opinion......Page 82
1 The arguments of the partner states and the East African Law Society as amici......Page 85
2 The decision of the Court......Page 89
E Conclusion......Page 95
A Introduction......Page 98
B Why countries have multiple memberships in RTAs......Page 100
1 Multiple memberships reflect Africa's diversity......Page 106
1 Spaghetti bowl: Are RTAs building or stumbling blocks?......Page 109
2 High transaction and administrative costs......Page 112
3. Implications for African RTAs......Page 115
D Conclusions......Page 117
A Introduction......Page 119
B Article XXIV of the GATT: Requirements for the formation of RTAs......Page 120
C Economic rationales of Article XXIV of the GATT......Page 123
D The GATT and WTO as a constitution......Page 126
F The 'substantially all the trade’ issue in Article XXIV (8) of the GATT......Page 132
G Interim agreements under Article XXIV (5)(c) of the GATT......Page 139
H 'Other regulations of commerce’ and 'other restrictive regulations of commerce’ in Article XXIV of the GATT......Page 142
I Rules of origin......Page 145
J Additional issues in Article XXIV of the GATT......Page 150
1 Events leading to the adoption of the Enabling Clause......Page 153
2 The 1979 decision......Page 156
3 Discussion......Page 158
L European Communities: Conditions for the granting of tariff preferences to developing countries......Page 161
M EU–ACP Economic Partnership Agreement......Page 165
N Compatibility with the WTO......Page 166
1 The Enabling Clause to justify EU–ACP preferences......Page 167
3 Internal requirement of GATT Article XXIV (8)(b)......Page 169
4 Rules of origin......Page 172
5 Transition periods......Page 173
6 Developing countries and EPAs......Page 174
A Introduction......Page 176
1 Overview......Page 177
2 Sequencing......Page 178
3 Common market......Page 179
4 Customs union......Page 181
5 ECOWAS Trade Liberalization Scheme......Page 183
6 Economic and monetary union......Page 186
7 Progress......Page 187
1 Overview......Page 189
2 Sequencing......Page 191
3 The IGAD Treaty and strategy......Page 192
4 The importance of livestock to the IGAD Community......Page 193
5 Progress......Page 196
1 Overview......Page 198
3 Free trade area......Page 200
4 Customs union......Page 202
5 Monetary union......Page 203
6 Rules of origin......Page 204
7 Areas of cooperation......Page 205
8 Progress......Page 207
1 Overview......Page 214
3 Customs union......Page 215
4 Common market......Page 220
6 Political federation......Page 228
7 Progress......Page 229
1 Overview......Page 235
2 Organizational structure......Page 237
3 Economic achievements......Page 238
1 Overview......Page 244
3 The SADC Treaty......Page 245
4 Progress......Page 250
1 Overview......Page 256
2 Trade Liberalization Scheme......Page 257
3 Progress......Page 261
1 Overview......Page 265
2 Treaty establishing the Community......Page 266
1 Overview......Page 270
2 Treaty establishing the Community......Page 271
A Introduction......Page 276
B Financing the AEC......Page 278
1 AEC's budgetary process......Page 282
2 Problems encountered in raising revenue......Page 284
4 Financing CEN-SAD......Page 287
5 Financing COMESA......Page 288
6 Financing the EAC budget......Page 290
7 Financing ECCAS......Page 291
8 Financing ECOWAS......Page 292
9 Financing IGAD......Page 293
10 Financing SADC......Page 294
C Conclusion......Page 295
A Introduction......Page 297
B The COMESA Court of Justice......Page 298
1 Jurisdiction......Page 299
C The East African Court of Justice......Page 301
1 The EACJ's jurisprudence......Page 307
D The ECOWAS Community Court of Justice......Page 312
E The SADC Tribunal......Page 317
1 The SADC Tribunal's jurisprudence......Page 321
2 South Africa–Zimbabwe Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement and Fick......Page 326
F Conclusions......Page 330
B COMESA’s institutional mechanisms for overseeing and reviewing trade remedies......Page 331
C Trade remedies provided for by COMESA......Page 333
1 Safeguards......Page 335
2 Anti-dumping actions......Page 338
3 Subsidies and countervailing measures......Page 342
4 COMESA safeguards for Kenyan sugar and wheat industries......Page 345
1 The EAC Committee on Trade Remedies......Page 346
E Trade remedies available to EAC Customs Union partners......Page 347
1 Safeguards......Page 348
2 Anti-dumping measures......Page 352
3 Subsidies and countervailing measures......Page 364
F Southern African Development Community (SADC) trade remedies......Page 369
2 Subsidies and countervailing measures......Page 370
4 Protection of infant industries......Page 371
G Trade remedies under the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) Agreement......Page 372
H Conclusion......Page 373
B The Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa......Page 375
1 Legal framework establishing CEMAC......Page 377
2 The Bank of Central Africa......Page 380
2 Organizational structure of the UEMOA......Page 383
3 The BCEAO and the payment system......Page 384
D The West African Monetary Zone......Page 385
1 Organizational structure of the WAMZ......Page 386
2 The role of the WAMI......Page 387
E The successes and challenges of the African monetary unions......Page 388
1 WAMZ and WAEMU success and challenges......Page 390
2 Challenges for the CFA franc zone......Page 391
4 The euro crisis and Africa......Page 392
F Conclusions......Page 393
A Introduction......Page 394
B The relationship between the African Economic Community and Regional Economic Communities......Page 395
1 Africa Development Bank......Page 397
2 Foreign aid......Page 398
D The importance of linkages between RECs in agriculture......Page 399
1 The AEC and NEPAD......Page 401
2 Agricultural programmes in East and Southern Africa......Page 403
3 Regional Agricultural Trade Expansion Support (RATES) Programme......Page 404
5 Africa Agricultural Market Programme......Page 405
E Agricultural programmes in West Africa......Page 406
G Challenges in agricultural integration and some solutions......Page 407
H The importance of linkages between RECs in transport and communications......Page 409
2 ICT in West Africa......Page 411
3 ICT in East and Southern Africa......Page 412
4 Regional Information and Communication Technology Support Programme......Page 413
2 Air transport policy in West Africa......Page 415
3 Air transport policy in East and Southern Africa......Page 416
1 Road and rail transport......Page 417
1 COMESA-EAC-SADC Free Trade Area177......Page 419
2 The East Africa Migration Route Programme......Page 421
M Conclusions......Page 422
A Introduction......Page 423
1 EU FTAg: The Cotonou Agreement and the dawn of Economic Partnership Agreements......Page 424
(a) EPA negotiations......Page 425
(b) How is development incorporated in the EPAs?......Page 430
(c) The interim ESA–EC EPA......Page 431
(d) Status of EPA negotiations......Page 432
2 European Free Trade Area (EFTA)–Southern African Customs Union (SACU) FTA81......Page 434
1 African Growth and Opportunities Act 2000......Page 436
1 US–Morocco FTAg......Page 439
2 TRIPS v. US FTAgs – effect of stringent IPR standards......Page 440
3 IPR provisions: EPAs v. US FTAgs......Page 443
1 US–SACU Trade, Investment and Development Cooperative Agreement......Page 444
F Bilateral Investment Treaties between the United States and African states......Page 446
G South–South trade – A survival strategy of trade between developing states?......Page 447
1 Indo-African trade......Page 448
2 India–Africa Forum Summit......Page 449
3 India–SACU Preferential Trade Agreement......Page 450
4 Sino–African trade......Page 451
6 China–SACU FTAg negotiations......Page 452
7 MERCOSUR–Africa trade......Page 453
8 Legal regimes on counterfeit goods......Page 455
H Conclusions......Page 456
Articles......Page 457
Books......Page 473
Reports......Page 479
Official Documents......Page 483
Other Sources......Page 496
INDEX
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