African American Odyssey The Combined Volume

Cover
Half Title page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Maps
Figures
Tables
Preface
About The African-American Odyssey, 7e
Chapter Revision Highlights
Revel™
Documents Available in Revel™
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Part I Becoming African American
	Chapter 1 Africa, CA. 6000 BCE–CA. 1600 CE
		1.1 A Huge and Diverse Land
		1.2 The Birthplace of Humanity
		1.3 Ancient Civilizations and Old Arguments
			1.3.1 Egyptian Civilization
			1.3.2 Nubia, Kush, Meroë, and Axum
		1.4 West Africa
			1.4.1 Ancient Ghana
				Voices Al Bakri Describes Kumbi Saleh and Ghana’s Royal Court
			1.4.2 The Empire of Mali, 1230–1468
			1.4.3 The Empire of Songhai, 1464–1591
			1.4.4 The West African Forest Region
				Voices A Description of Benin City
				Profile Nzinga Mbemba (Afonso I) of Kongo
		1.5 Kongo and Angola
		1.6 West African Society and Culture
			1.6.1 Families and Villages
			1.6.2 Women
			1.6.3 Class and Slavery
			1.6.4 Religion
			1.6.5 Art and Music
			1.6.6 Literature: Oral Histories, Poetry, and Tales
			1.6.7 Technology
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
	Chapter 2 Middle Passage, CA. 1450–1809
		2.1 The European Age of Exploration and Colonization
		2.2 The Slave Trade in Africa and the Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade
		2.3 Growth of the Atlantic Slave Trade
		2.4 The African-American Ordeal from Capture to Destination
			2.4.1 The Crossing
			2.4.2 The Slavers and Their Technology
			2.4.3 A Slave’s Story
				Profile Olaudah Equiano
			2.4.4 A Captain’s Story
			2.4.5 Provisions for the Middle Passage
			2.4.6 Sanitation, Disease, and Death
			2.4.7 Resistance and Revolt at Sea
				Voices The Journal of a Dutch Slaver
			2.4.8 Cruelty
			2.4.9 African Women on Slave Ships
				Profile Ayuba Suleiman Diallo of Bondu
				Voices Dysentery (or the Bloody Flux)
		2.5 Landing and Sale in the West Indies
		2.6 Seasoning
		2.7 The End of the Journey: Masters and Slaves in the Americas
		2.8 The Ending of the Atlantic Slave Trade
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
	Chapter 3 Black People in Colonial North America, 1526–1763
		3.1 The Peoples of North America
			3.1.1 American Indians
			3.1.2 The Spanish, French, and Dutch
			3.1.3 The British and Jamestown
			3.1.4 Africans Arrive in the Chesapeake
		3.2 Black Servitude in the Chesapeake
			Profile Anthony Johnson
			3.2.1 Race and the Origins of Black Slavery
			3.2.2 The Legal Recognition of Chattel Slavery
			3.2.3 Bacon’s Rebellion and American Slavery
		3.3 Plantation Slavery, 1700–1750
			3.3.1 Tobacco Colonies
			3.3.2 Low-Country Slavery
				Voices A Description of an Eighteenth-Century Virginia Plantation
			3.3.3 Plantation Technology
		3.4 Slave Life in Early America
		3.5 Miscegenation and Creolization
		3.6 The Origins of African-American Culture
			3.6.1 The Great Awakening
			3.6.2 Language, Music, and Folk Literature
				Voices Poem by Jupiter Hammon
			3.6.3 The African-American Impact on Colonial Culture
		3.7 Slavery in the Northern Colonies
		3.8 Slavery in Spanish Florida and French Louisiana
		3.9 African Americans in New Spain’s Northern Borderlands
		3.10 Black Women in Colonial America
		3.11 Black Resistance and Rebellion
			Profile Francisco Menendez
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
	Chapter 4 Rising Expectations: African Americans and the Struggle for Independence, 1763–1783
		4.1 The Crisis of the British Empire
		4.2 The Declaration of Independence and African Americans
			Profile Crispus Attucks
			4.2.1 The Impact of the Enlightenment
			4.2.2 African Americans in the Revolutionary Debate
		4.3 The Black Enlightenment
			Voices Boston’s Slaves Link Their Freedom to American Liberty
			4.3.1 Phillis Wheatley and Poetry
			4.3.2 Benjamin Banneker and Science
				Voices Phillis Wheatley on Liberty and Natural Rights
		4.4 African Americans in the War for Independence
			4.4.1 Black Loyalists
			4.4.2 Black Patriots
		4.5 The Revolution and Emancipation
			4.5.1 The Revolutionary Impact
			4.5.2 The Revolutionary Promise
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
	Chapter 5 African Americans in the New Nation, 1783–1820
		5.1 Forces for Freedom
			5.1.1 Northern Emancipation
			5.1.2 The Northwest Ordinance of 1787
			5.1.3 Antislavery Societies in the North and the Upper South
				Profile Elizabeth Freeman
			5.1.4 Manumission and Self-Purchase
			5.1.5 The Emergence of a Free Black Class in the South
		5.2 Forces for Slavery
			5.2.1 The U.S. Constitution
			5.2.2 Cotton
			5.2.3 The Louisiana Purchase and African Americans in the Lower Mississippi Valley
			5.2.4 Conservatism and Racism
		5.3 The Emergence of Free Black Communities
			5.3.1 The Origins of Independent Black Churches
				Voices Richard Allen on the Breakwith St. George’s Church
			5.3.2 The First Black Schools
		5.4 Black Leaders and Choices
			Voices Absalom Jones Petitions Congress on Behalf of Fugitives Facing Reenslavement
			Profile James Forten
			5.4.1 Migration
			5.4.2 Slave Uprisings
			5.4.3 The White Southern Reaction
		5.5 The War of 1812
		5.6 The Missouri Compromise
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
		Connecting The Past The Great Awakening and the Black Church
Part II Slavery, Abolition, and the Quest for Freedom: The Coming of the Civil War, 1793–1861
	Chapter 6 Life in the Cotton Kingdom, 1793–1861
		6.1 The Expansion of Slavery
			6.1.1 Slave Population Growth
			6.1.2 Ownership of Slaves in the Old South
		6.2 Slave Labor in Agriculture
			6.2.1 Tobacco
				Profile Solomon Northup
			6.2.2 Rice
			6.2.3 Sugar
			6.2.4 Cotton
			6.2.5 Cotton and Technology
			6.2.6 Other Crops
		6.3 House Servants and Skilled Slaves
			6.3.1 Urban and Industrial Slavery
		6.4 Punishment
			Voices Frederick Douglass on the Readiness of Masters to Use the Whip
		6.5 The Domestic Slave Trade
		6.6 Slave Families
			Profile William Ellison
			6.6.1 Children
				Voices A Slaveholder Describes a New Purchase
			6.6.2 Sexual Exploitation
			6.6.3 Diet
			6.6.4 Clothing
			6.6.5 Health
		6.7 The Socialization of Slaves
			6.7.1 Religion
		6.8 The Character of Slavery and Slaves
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
	Chapter 7 Free Black People in Antebellum America, 1820–1861
		7.1 Demographics of Freedom
		7.2 The Jacksonian Era
		7.3 Limited Freedom in the North
			7.3.1 Black Laws
			7.3.2 Disfranchisement
			7.3.3 Segregation
		7.4 Black Communities in the Urban North
			7.4.1 The Black Family
			7.4.2 Poverty
			7.4.3 The Northern Black Elite
			7.4.4 Inventors
				Voices Maria W. Stewart on the Condition of Black Workers
			7.4.5 Professionals
				Profile Stephen Smith and William Whipper, Partners in Business and Reform
			7.4.6 Artists and Musicians
			7.4.7 Authors
		7.5 African-American Institutions
			7.5.1 Churches
			7.5.2 Schools
				Voices The Constitution of the Pittsburgh African Education Society
			7.5.3 Voluntary Associations
		7.6 Free African Americans in the Upper South
			7.6.1 Free African Americans in the Deep South
			7.6.2 Free African Americans in the Far West
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
	Chapter 8 Opposition to Slavery, 1730–1833
		8.1 Antislavery Begins in America
			8.1.1 From Gabriel to Denmark Vesey
		8.2 The Path toward a More Radical Antislavery Movement
			8.2.1 Slavery and Politics
			8.2.2 The Second Great Awakening
			8.2.3 The Benevolent Empire
		8.3 Colonization
			8.3.1 African-American Advocates of Colonization
			8.3.2 Black Opposition to Colonization
				Voices William Watkins Opposes Colonization
		8.4 Black Abolitionist Women
			Profile Maria W. Stewart
			8.4.1 The Baltimore Alliance
				Voices A Black Woman Speaks Out on the Right to Education
		8.5 David Walker and Nat Turner
			Profile David Walker
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
	Chapter 9 Let Your Motto Be Resistance, 1833–1850
		9.1 A Rising Tide of Racism and Violence
			9.1.1 Antiblack and Antiabolitionist Riots
			9.1.2 Texas and the War against Mexico
		9.2 The Antislavery Movement
			9.2.1 The American Anti-Slavery Society
			9.2.2 Black and Women’s Antislavery Societies
				Profile Sojourner Truth
			9.2.3 Moral Suasion
		9.3 Black Community Support
			9.3.1 The Black Convention Movement
			9.3.2 Black Churches in the Antislavery Cause
			9.3.3 Black Newspapers
				Voices Frederick Douglass Describes an Awkward Situation
		9.4 The American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society and the Liberty Party
			Profile Henry Highland Garnet
		9.5 A More Aggressive Abolitionism
			9.5.1 The Amistad and the Creole
			9.5.2 The Underground Railroad
			9.5.3 Technology and the Underground Railroad
			9.5.4 Canada West
		9.6 Black Militancy
			9.6.1 Frederick Douglass
			9.6.2 Revival of Black Nationalism
				Voices Martin R. Delany Describes His Vision of a Black Nation
			Conclusion
			Chapter Timeline
			Review Questions
			Retracing the Odyssey
			Recommended Reading
			Additional Bibliography
	Chapter 10 “And Black People Were at the Heart of It”: The United States Disunites Over Slavery, 1846–1861
		10.1 The Lure of the West
			10.1.1 Free Labor versus Slave Labor
			10.1.2 The Wilmot Proviso
			10.1.3 African Americans and the Gold Rush
			10.1.4 California and the Compromise of 1850
			10.1.5 Fugitive Slave Laws
			Voices African Americans Respond to the Fugitive Slave Law
		10.2 Fugitive Slaves
			10.2.1 William and Ellen Craft
				Profile Mary Ellen Pleasant
			10.2.2 Shadrach Minkins
			10.2.3 The Battle at Christiana
			10.2.4 Anthony Burns
			10.2.5 Margaret Garner
				Profile Thomas Sims, a Fugitive Slave
			10.2.6 Freedom in Canada
			10.2.7 The Rochester Convention, 1853
			10.2.8 Nativism and the Know-Nothings
			10.2.9 Uncle Tom’s Cabin
			10.2.10 The Kansas-Nebraska Act
			10.2.11 Preston Brooks Attacks Charles Sumner
		10.3 The Dred Scott Decision
			10.3.1 Questions for the Court
			10.3.2 Reaction to the Dred Scott Decision
			10.3.3 White Northerners and Black Americans
			10.3.4 The Lincoln–Douglas Debates
			10.3.5 Abraham Lincoln and Black People
				Profile Martin Delany
		10.4 John Brown and the Raid on Harpers Ferry
			10.4.1 Planning the Raid
			10.4.2 The Raid
			10.4.3 The Reaction
		10.5 The Election of Abraham Lincoln
			10.5.1 Black People Respond to Lincoln’s Election
			10.5.2 Disunion
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
		Connecting The Past Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and Black Autobiography
Part III The Civil War, Emancipation, and Black Reconstruction: The Second American Revolution
	Chapter 11 Liberation: African Americans and the Civil War, 1861–1865
		11.1 Lincoln’s Aims
		11.2 Black Men Volunteer and Are Rejected
			11.2.1 Union Policies toward Confederate Slaves
			11.2.2 “Contraband”
			11.2.3 Lincoln’s Initial Position
			11.2.4 Lincoln Moves toward Emancipation
			11.2.5 Lincoln Delays Emancipation
			11.2.6 Black People Reject Colonization
			11.2.7 The Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation
			11.2.8 Northern Reaction to Emancipation
			11.2.9 Political Opposition to Emancipation
		11.3 The Emancipation Proclamation
			11.3.1 Limits of the Proclamation
			11.3.2 Effects of the Proclamation on the South
				Profile Elizabeth Keckley
		11.4 Black Men Fight for the Union
			11.4.1 The First South Carolina Volunteers
			11.4.2 The Louisiana Native Guards
			11.4.3 The Second South Carolina Volunteers
			11.4.4 The 54th Massachusetts Regiment
			11.4.5 Black Soldiers Confront Discrimination
			11.4.6 Black Men in Combat
			11.4.7 The Assault on Battery Wagner
				Voices Lewis Douglass Describes the Fighting at Battery Wagner
			11.4.8 Olustee
			11.4.9 The Crater
			11.4.10 The Confederate Reaction to Black Soldiers
			11.4.11 The Abuse and Murder of Black Troops
			11.4.12 The Fort Pillow Massacre
			11.4.13 Black Men in the Union Navy
				Voices A Black Nurse on the Horrors of War and the Sacrifice of Black Soldiers
			11.4.14 Liberators, Spies, and Guides
				Profile Harriet Tubman
			11.4.15 Violent Opposition to Black People
			11.4.16 Union Troops and Slaves
			11.4.17 Refugees
		11.5 Black People and the Confederacy
			11.5.1 Skilled and Unskilled Slaves in Southern Industry
			11.5.2 The Impressment of Black People
			11.5.3 Confederates Enslave Free Black People
			11.5.4 Black Confederates
			11.5.5 Personal Servants
			11.5.6 Black Men Fighting for the South
			11.5.7 Black Opposition to the Confederacy
			11.5.8 The Confederate Debate on Black Troops
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
	Chapter 12 The Meaning of Freedom: The Promise of Reconstruction, 1865–1868
		12.1 The End of Slavery
			12.1.1 Differing Reactions of Former Slaves
			12.1.2 Reuniting Black Families
		12.2 Land
			12.2.1 Special Field Order #15
			12.2.2 The Port Royal Experiment
			12.2.3 The Freedmen’s Bureau
			12.2.4 Southern Homestead Act
				Voices Jourdon Anderson’s Letter to His Former Master
			12.2.5 Sharecropping
			12.2.6 The Black Church
				Voices A Freedmen’s Bureau Commissioner Tells Freed People What Freedom Means
			12.2.7 Class and Status
		12.3 Education
			12.3.1 Black Teachers
			12.3.2 Black Colleges
			12.3.3 Response of White Southerners
				Profile Charlotte E. Ray
				Voices A Northern Black Woman on Teaching Freedmen
		12.4 Violence
			12.4.1 The Crusade for Political and Civil Rights
		12.5 Presidential Reconstruction under Andrew Johnson
			12.5.1 Black Codes
			12.5.2 Black Conventions
			12.5.3 The Radical Republicans
			12.5.4 Radical Proposals
			12.5.5 The Freedmen’s Bureau Bill and the Civil Rights Bill
			12.5.6 Johnson’s Vetoes
				Profile Aaron A. Bradley
			12.5.7 The Fourteenth Amendment
			12.5.8 Radical Reconstruction
			12.5.9 Universal Manhood Suffrage
			12.5.10 Black Politics
			12.5.11 Sit-Ins and Strikes
			12.5.12 The Reaction of White Southerners
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
	Chapter 13 The Meaning of Freedom: The Failure of Reconstruction, 1868–1877
		13.1 Constitutional Conventions
			13.1.1 Elections
			13.1.2 Black Political Leaders
				Profile The Gibbs Brothers
		13.2 The Issues
			13.2.1 Education and Social Welfare
			13.2.2 Civil Rights
			13.2.3 Economic Issues
			13.2.4 Land
			13.2.5 Business and Industry
			13.2.6 Black Politicians: An Evaluation
			13.2.7 Republican Factionalism
			13.2.8 Opposition
				Profile The Rollin Sisters
		13.3 The Ku Klux Klan
			Voices An Appeal for Help against the Klan
			13.3.1 The West
		13.4 The Fifteenth Amendment
			13.4.1 The Enforcement Acts
			13.4.2 The North and Reconstruction
			13.4.3 The Freedmen’s Bank
			13.4.4 The Civil Rights Act of 1875
				Voices Black Leaders Support the Passage of a Civil Rights Act
		13.5 The End of Reconstruction
			13.5.1 Violent Redemption and the Colfax Massacre
			13.5.2 The Shotgun Policy
			13.5.3 The Hamburg Massacre and the Ellenton Riot
			13.5.4 The “Compromise” of 1877
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
		Connecting The Past Voting and Politics
Part IV Searching for Safe Spaces
	Chapter 14 White Supremacy Triumphant: African Americans in the Late Nineteenth Century, 1877–1895
		14.1 Politics
			14.1.1 Black Congressmen
			14.1.2 Democrats and Farmer Discontent
			14.1.3 The Colored Farmers’ Alliance
			14.1.4 The Populist Party
		14.2 Disfranchisement
			14.2.1 Evading the Fifteenth Amendment
			14.2.2 Mississippi
			14.2.3 South Carolina
			14.2.4 The Grandfather Clause
			14.2.5 The “Force Bill”
		14.3 Segregation
			14.3.1 Jim Crow
			14.3.2 Segregation on the Railroads
			14.3.3 Plessy v. Ferguson
			14.3.4 Streetcar Segregation
			14.3.5 Segregation Proliferates
				Voices Majority and Dissenting Opinions on Plessy v. Ferguson
			14.3.6 Racial Etiquette
		14.4 Violence
			14.4.1 Washington County, Texas
			14.4.2 The Phoenix Riot
			14.4.3 The Wilmington Riot
			14.4.4 The New Orleans Riot
			14.4.5 Lynching
			14.4.6 Rape
			14.4.7 Migration
				Profile Ida Wells Barnett
			14.4.8 The Liberian Exodus
			14.4.9 The Exodusters
			14.4.10 Migration within the South
			14.4.11 Black Farm Families
			14.4.12 Cultivating Cotton
			14.4.13 Sharecroppers
				Voices Cash and Debt for the Black Cotton Farmer
			14.4.14 Black Landowners
			14.4.15 White Resentment of Black Success
		14.5 African Americans and the Legal System
			14.5.1 Segregated Justice
				Profile Johnson C. Whittaker
			14.5.2 The Convict Lease System: Slavery by Another Name
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
	Chapter 15 African Americans Challenge White Supremacy, 1877–1918
		15.1 Social Darwinism
		15.2 Education and Schools: The Issues
			15.2.1 Segregated Schools
			15.2.2 The Hampton Model
			15.2.3 Booker T. Washington and the Tuskegee Model
			15.2.4 Critics of the Tuskegee Model
				Voices Thomas E. Miller and the Mission of the Black Land-Grant College
		15.3 Church and Religion
			15.3.1 The Church as Solace and Escape
			15.3.2 The Holiness Movement and the Pentecostal Church
			15.3.3 Roman Catholics and Episcopalians
				Profile Henry McNeal Turner
		15.4 Red versus Black: The Buffalo Soldiers
			15.4.1 Discrimination in the Army
			15.4.2 The Buffalo Soldiers in Combat
			15.4.3 Civilian Hostility to Black Soldiers
			15.4.4 Brownsville
			15.4.5 African Americans in the Navy
			15.4.6 The Black Cowboys
			15.4.7 The Black Cowgirls
			15.4.8 The Spanish-American War
			15.4.9 Black Officers
			15.4.10 “A Splendid Little War”
				Voices Black Men in Battle in Cuba
		15.5 African Americans and Their Role in the American Economy
			15.5.1 African Americans and the World’s Columbian Exposition
			15.5.2 Obstacles and Opportunities for Employment among African Americans
			15.5.3 African Americans and Labor
			15.5.4 Black Professionals
				Profile Maggie Lena Walker
			15.5.5 Music
				Profile A Man and His Horse: Dr. William Key and Beautiful Jim Key
			15.5.6 Sports
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
	Chapter 16 Conciliation, Agitation, and Migration: African Americans in the Early Twentieth Century, 1895–1925
		16.1 Booker T. Washington’s Approach
			16.1.1 Washington’s Influence
			16.1.2 The Tuskegee Machine
			16.1.3 Opposition to Washington
		16.2 W. E. B. Du Bois
			Voices W. E. B. Du Boison Being Black in America
			16.2.1 The Du Bois Critique of Washington
			16.2.2 The Souls of Black Folk
			16.2.3 The Talented Tenth
			16.2.4 The Niagara Movement
			16.2.5 The NAACP
			16.2.6 Using the System
			16.2.7 Du Bois and The Crisis
				Profile Mary Church Terrell
			16.2.8 Washington versus the NAACP
			16.2.9 The Urban League
		16.3 Black Women and the Club Movement
			16.3.1 The NACW: “Lifting as We Climb”
			16.3.2 Phillis Wheatley Clubs
				Profile Jane Edna Hunter and the Phillis Wheatley Association
			16.3.3 Anna Julia Cooper and Black Feminism
			16.3.4 Women’s Suffrage
		16.4 The Black Elite
			16.4.1 The American Negro Academy
			16.4.2 The Upper Class
			16.4.3 Fraternities and Sororities
			16.4.4 African-American Inventors
			16.4.5 Presidential Politics
				Profile George Washington Carver and Ernest Everett Just
		16.5 Black Men and the Military in World War I
			16.5.1 The Punitive Expedition to Mexico
			16.5.2 World War I
			16.5.3 Black Troops and Officers
			16.5.4 Discrimination and Its Effects
			16.5.5 Du Bois’s Disappointment
		16.6 Race Riots
			16.6.1 Atlanta, 1906
			16.6.2 Springfield, 1908
			16.6.3 East St. Louis, 1917
			16.6.4 Houston, 1917
			16.6.5 Chicago, 1919
			16.6.6 Elaine, 1919
			16.6.7 Tulsa, 1921
			16.6.8 Rosewood, 1923
		16.7 The Great Migration
			16.7.1 Why Migrate?
			16.7.2 Destinations
			16.7.3 Migration from the Caribbean
			16.7.4 Northern Communities
				Voices A Migrant to the North Writes Home
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
	Chapter 17 African Americans and the 1920s, 1918–1929
		17.1 Varieties of Racism
			17.1.1 Scientific Racism
			17.1.2 The Birth of a Nation
			17.1.3 The Ku Klux Klan
		17.2 Protest, Pride, and Pan-Africanism: Black Organizations in the 1920s
			17.2.1 The NAACP
				Voices The Negro National Anthem: "Lift Every Voice and Sing"
				Profile James Weldon Johnson
			17.2.2 “Up You Mighty Race”: Marcus Garvey and the UNIA
				Voices Marcus Garvey Appeals for a New African Nation
			17.2.3 Amy Jacques Garvey
			17.2.4 The African Blood Brotherhood
			17.2.5 Hubert Harrison
			17.2.6 Pan-Africanism
		17.3 Labor
			17.3.1 The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
			17.3.2 A. Philip Randolph
		17.4 The Harlem Renaissance
			17.4.1 Before Harlem
			17.4.2 Writers and Artists
			17.4.3 White People and the Harlem Renaissance
			17.4.4 Harlem and the Jazz Age
			17.4.5 Song, Dance, and Stage
				Profile Bessie Smith
		17.5 Sports
			17.5.1 Rube Foster
			17.5.2 College Sports
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
		Connecting The Past Migration
Part V The Great Depression and World War II
	Chapter 18 Black Protest, Great Depression, and the New Deals, 1929–1940
		18.1 The Cataclysm, 1929–1933
			18.1.1 Harder Times for Black America
			18.1.2 Black Businesses in the Depression: Collapse and Survival
			18.1.3 The Failure of Relief
		18.2 Black Protest during the Great Depression
			18.2.1 The NAACP and Civil Rights Struggles
			18.2.2 Du Bois and the “Voluntary Segregation” Controversy
			18.2.3 Legal Battles against Discrimination in Education and Voting
			18.2.4 Black Texans Fight for Educational and Voting Rights
			18.2.5 Black Women Community Organizers
		18.3 African Americans and the New Deal Era
			18.3.1 Roosevelt and the First New Deal, 1933–1935
				Voices A Black Sharecropper Details Abuse in the Administration of Agricultural Relief
			18.3.2 Black Officials and the First New Deal
		18.4 The Rise of Black Social Scientists
			Profile Mary McLeod Bethune
			18.4.1 Social Scientists and the New Deal
			18.4.2 The Second New Deal
				Profile Robert C. Weaver
			18.4.3 The Rise of Black Politicians
			18.4.4 Black Americans and the Democratic Party
			18.4.5 The WPA and Black America
		18.5 Misuses of Medical Science: The Tuskegee Study
		18.6 Organized Labor and Black America
			Voices A. Philip Randolph Inspires a Young Black Activist
		18.7 The Communist Party and African Americans
			18.7.1 The International Labor Defense and the “Scottsboro Boys”
			18.7.2 Debating Communist Leadership
				Profile Angelo Herndon
				Profile Ralph Waldo Elison
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
	Chapter 19 Meanings of Freedom: Black Culture and Society, 1930–1950
		19.1 Black Culture in a Midwestern City
		19.2 The Black Culture Industry and American Racism
		19.3 Black Music Culture: From Swing to Bebop
			Profile Charlie Parker
		19.4 Popular Culture for the Masses: Comic Strips, Radio, and Movies
			19.4.1 The Comics
			19.4.2 Radio and Jazz Musicians and Technological Change
				Profile Duke Ellington
			19.4.3 Radio and Black Disc Jockeys
			19.4.4 Radio and Race
			19.4.5 Radio and Destination Freedom
			19.4.6 A Black Filmmaker: Oscar Micheaux
			19.4.7 Black Hollywood: Race and Gender
		19.5 The Black Chicago Renaissance
			Voices Margaret Walker on Black Culture
			19.5.1 Gospel in Chicago: Thomas A. Dorsey
				Profile Langston Hughes
			19.5.2 Chicago in Dance and Song: Katherine Dunham and Billie Holiday
				Profile Billie Holiday and "Strange Fruit"
		19.6 Black Visual Art
		19.7 Black Literature
			19.7.1 Richard Wright’s Native Son
			19.7.2 James Baldwin Challenges Wright
			19.7.3 Ralph Ellison and Invisible Man
		19.8 African Americans in Sports
			19.8.1 Jesse Owens and Joe Louis
			19.8.2 Breaking the Color Barrier in Baseball
		19.9 Black Religious Culture
			19.9.1 Father Divine and the Peace Mission Movement
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
	Chapter 20 The World War II Era and the Seeds of a Revolution, 1940–1950
		20.1 On the Eve of War, 1936–1941
			20.1.1 African Americans and the Emerging International Crisis
			20.1.2 A. Philip Randolph and the March on Washington Movement
			20.1.3 Executive Order 8802
		20.2 Race and the U.S. Armed Forces
			20.2.1 Institutional Racism in the American Military
			20.2.2 The Costs of Military Discrimination
				Profile Steven Robinson and the Montford Point Marines
			20.2.3 Port Chicago “Mutiny”
			20.2.4 Soldiers and Civilians Protest Military Discrimination
				Profile William H. Hastie
			20.2.5 Black Women in the Struggle to Desegregate the Military
			20.2.6 The Beginning of Military Desegregation
				Profile Mabel K. Staupers
				Voices Separate but Equal Training for Black Army Nurses?
		20.3 The Tuskegee Airmen
			20.3.1 Technology: The Tuskegee Planes
				Voices A Tuskegee Airman Remembers
			20.3.2 The Transformation of Black Soldiers
		20.4 African Americans on the Home Front
			20.4.1 Black Workers: From Farm to Factory
			20.4.2 The FEPC during the War
			20.4.3 Anatomy of a Race Riot: Detroit, 1943
			20.4.4 The G.I. Bill of Rights and Black Veterans
			20.4.5 Old and New Protest Groups on the Home Front
				Profile Bayard Rustin
			20.4.6 Post–World War II Racial Violence
		20.5 The Cold War and International Politics
			20.5.1 African Americans in World Affairs: W. E. B. Du Bois and Ralph Bunche
			20.5.2 Anticommunism at Home
			20.5.3 Paul Robeson
			20.5.4 Henry Wallace and the 1948 Presidential Election
			20.5.5 Desegregating the Armed Forces
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
		Connecting The Past The Significance of the Desegregation of the U.S. Military
Part VI The Black Revolution
	Chapter 21 The Long Freedom Movement, 1950–1970
		21.1 The 1950s: Prejudice and Protest
		21.2 The Road to Brown
			21.2.1 Constance Baker Motley and Black Lawyers in the South
			21.2.2 Brown and the Coming Revolution
		21.3 Challenges to Brown
			21.3.1 White Resistance
			21.3.2 The Lynching of Emmett Till
		21.4 New Forms of Protest: The Montgomery Bus Boycott
			21.4.1 The Roots of Revolution
				Voices Letter of the Montgomery Women's Political Council to Mayor W.A. Gayle
			21.4.2 Rosa Parks
			21.4.3 Montgomery Improvement Association
			21.4.4 Martin Luther King, Jr.
				Profile Rosa Louise McCauley Parks
			21.4.5 Walking for Freedom
			21.4.6 Friends in the North
			21.4.7 Victory
				Profile Clara Luper: Victory in Oklahoma
		21.5 No Easy Road to Freedom: The 1960s
			21.5.1 Martin Luther King, Jr. and the SCLC
			21.5.2 Civil Rights Act of 1957
			21.5.3 The Little Rock Nine
		21.6 Black Youth Stand Up by Sitting Down
			21.6.1 Sit-Ins: Greensboro, Nashville, Atlanta
			21.6.2 The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
			21.6.3 Freedom Rides
				Profile Robert Parris Moses
		21.7 A Sight to Be Seen: The Movement at High Tide
			21.7.1 The Election of 1960
			21.7.2 The Kennedy Administration and the Civil Rights Movement
			21.7.3 Voter Registration Projects
			21.7.4 The Albany Movement
				Profile Fannie Lou Hamer
			21.7.5 The Birmingham Confrontation
		21.8 A Hard Victory
			21.8.1 The March on Washington
			21.8.2 The Civil Rights Act of 1964
			21.8.3 Mississippi Freedom Summer
			21.8.4 The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
			21.8.5 Selma and the Voting Rights Act of 1965
				Profile Dorothy Irene Height
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
	Chapter 22 Black Nationalism, Black Power, and Black Arts, 1965–1980
		22.1 The Rise of Black Nationalism
			22.1.1 The Nation of Islam
			22.1.2 Malcolm X’s New Departure
			22.1.3 Stokely Carmichael and Black Power
			22.1.4 The Black Panther Party
			22.1.5 The FBI’s COINTELPRO and Police Repression
				Voices The Black Panther Party Platform
			22.1.6 Prisoners’ Rights
		22.2 Black Urban Rebellions in the 1960s
			22.2.1 Watts
			22.2.2 Newark
			22.2.3 Detroit
			22.2.4 The Kerner Commission
			22.2.5 Difficulties in Creating the Great Society
		22.3 Johnson and King: The War in Vietnam
			22.3.1 Black Americans and the Vietnam War
			22.3.2 Project 100,000
			22.3.3 Johnson: Vietnam Destroys the Great Society
				Voices “Homosexuals Are Not Enemies of the People” Black Panther Party Founder, Huey P. Newton
			22.3.4 King: Searching for a New Strategy
			22.3.5 King on the Vietnam War
			22.3.6 The Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
				Profile Muhammad Ali
		22.4 The Black Arts Movement and Black Consciousness
			22.4.1 Poetry and Theater
			22.4.2 Music
				Profile Lorraine Hansberry
			22.4.3 The Black Student Movement: A Second Phase
			22.4.4 The Orangeburg Massacre
			22.4.5 Black Studies
		22.5 The Presidential Election of 1968 and Richard Nixon
			22.5.1 The “Moynihan Report”
			22.5.2 Busing
			22.5.3 Nixon and the War
		22.6 The Rise of Black Elected Officials
			22.6.1 The Gary Convention and the Black Political Agenda
			22.6.2 Shirley Chisholm: “I Am the People’s Politician”
			22.6.3 Black People Gain Local Offices
				Voices Shirley Chisholm’s Speech to the U.S. House of Representatives
			22.6.4 Economic Downturn
			22.6.5 Black Americans and the Carter Presidency
			22.6.6 Black Appointees
			22.6.7 Carter’s Domestic Policies
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
	Chapter 23 Black Politics and President Barack Obama, 1980–2016
		23.1 Jesse Jackson and the Rainbow Coalition
			23.1.1 Black Voters Embrace President Bill Clinton
			23.1.2 The Present Status of Black Politics
		23.2 Ronald Reagan and the Conservative Reaction
			23.2.1 The King Holiday
			23.2.2 Dismantling the Great Society
		23.3 Black Conservatives
			23.3.1 The Thomas–Hill Controversy
				Voices Black Women in Defense of Themselves
		23.4 Debating the “Old” and the “New” Civil Rights
			23.4.1 Affirmative Action
			23.4.2 The Backlash
		23.5 Black Political Activism at the End of the Twentieth Century
			23.5.1 Reparations
			23.5.2 TransAfrica and Black Internationalism
		23.6 The Rise in Black Incarceration
			23.6.1 Policing the Black Community
			23.6.2 Black Men and Police Brutality: Where Is the Justice?
			23.6.3 Human Rights in America
		23.7 Black Politics, 1992–2001: The Clinton Presidency
			23.7.1 “It’s the Economy, Stupid!”
			23.7.2 Welfare Reform, Mass Incarceration, and the Black Family
			23.7.3 Black Politics in the Clinton Era
			23.7.4 The Contested 2000 Election
			23.7.5 Bush v. Gore
		23.8 Republican Triumph
			23.8.1 George W. Bush’s Black Cabinet
			23.8.2 September 11, 2001
			23.8.3 War
			23.8.4 Black Politics in the Bush Era
			23.8.5 Bush’s Second Term
			23.8.6 The Iraq War
			23.8.7 Hurricane Katrina and the Destruction of Black New Orleans
		23.9 Barack Obama, President of the United States, 2008–2016
			23.9.1 Obama versus McCain
			23.9.2 Obama versus Romney
				Profile Barack Obama
				Profile Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama
			23.9.3 Factors Affecting the Elections of 2008 and 2012
			23.9.4 The Consequential Presidency of Barack Obama
			23.9.5 Twenty-Three Mass Shootings
		23.10 Black Lives Matter
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
	Chapter 24 African Americans End the Twentieth Century and Enter into the Twenty-First Century, 1980–2016
		24.1 Progress and Poverty: Income, Education, and Health
			24.1.1 High-Achieving African Americans
			24.1.2 African Americans’ Quest for Economic Security
			24.1.3 Black Americans in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
				Profile Mark Dean
		24.2 The Persistence of Black Poverty
			24.2.1 Deindustrialization and Black Oakland
			24.2.2 Racial Incarceration
			24.2.3 Black Education a Half-Century after Brown
			24.2.4 The Black Health Gap
		24.3 African Americans at the Center of Art and Culture
			Profile Michael Jackson
		24.4 The Hip-Hop Nation
			24.4.1 Origins of a New Music: A Generation Defines Itself
			24.4.2 Rap Music Goes Mainstream
			24.4.3 Gangsta Rap
		24.5 African-American Intellectuals
			24.5.1 African-American Studies Come of Age
		24.6 Black Religion at the Dawn of the Millennium
			24.6.1 Black Christians on the Front Line
			24.6.2 Tensions in the Black Church
			24.6.3 Black Muslims
		24.7 Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam
			24.7.1 Millennium Marches
		24.8 Complicating Black Identity in the Twenty-First Century
			24.8.1 Immigration and African Americans
			24.8.2 Black Feminism
			24.8.3 Gay and Lesbian African Americans
				Voices “Our National Virtues”: U.S. Attorney General Loretta E. Lynch
on LBGTQ Rights
		Conclusion
		Chapter Timeline
		Review Questions
		Retracing the Odyssey
		Recommended Reading
		Additional Bibliography
		Connecting The Past The Significance of Black Culture
Epilogue
The Declaration of Independence
The Constitution of the United States of America
The Emancipation Proclamation
Key Provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Key Provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965
Glossary Key Terms and Concepts
Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States
Historically Black Four-Year Colleges and Universities
Photo and Text Credits
Index