Affordable and clean energy

Series Preface
Volume Preface
List of Topics
About the Editors
About the Section Editors
Contributors
A
	Academia
	Access to Energy at the Household Level
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Growing Demand of Energy
		Energy at Household Level
		Efforts of Different Regions Regarding Meeting Up the People´s Need
		The Challenges of Energy Supply
			Energy Constraints
			Environmental Constraints
			Technology Constraints
		Concluding Observations and Way Forward
		Cross-References
		References
	Access to Modern Energy Services for the Promotion of Sustainable Development
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Progress of SDG 7 and Perspectives for the Future
		The Role of Renewable Energy in the Achievement of SDG 7: Ensuring Access to Clean Energy
		Other Targets of SDG7: Energy Efficiency, Investment in Infrastructure, and Development of Technology
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Access to Renewable Energy Resources: A Gender and Inclusivity Perspective
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Dynamics of Gender and Inclusivity in Access to Renewable and Improved Energy Resources: Paying Attention to Context
		Approaches for Gendered and Inclusive Research in Renewable Energy Resources Access
		The Gender Dynamics of Countering Poverty with Clean Energy: Some Recommendations for Expanded Debate
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Affordable and Clean Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
			Sources and Uses of Affordable Energy
				Bioenergy
				Geothermal
				Hydropower
				Hydrogen Fuel Cell
				Ocean Energy
				Wind Energy
				Solar Energy
				Coal Energy
				Nuclear Energy
			Affordable Energy and Energy Efficiency
			Recent Innovation in Technology of Affordable Energy
		Conclusion
		References
	Alternative Energy: Sources and Future Trends
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The SDG-7 and Its Relation to Alternative Energy
		Alternative Energy and Renewable Energy
		The Implications of Defining an Energy Source as ``Alternative´´
		Alternative Energy Temporally Considered
		Alternative Energy Systems as Energy Transitions
		What Do Energy Reports Envisage?
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Analytical Systemization of Structures
	Appropriable Technical Potential
	Assessing the Electricity Sector Reform Paradigm
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Overview of Power Sector Reform Paradigm
		Electricity Sector Reform in OECD
		Electricity Sector Reform in Non-OECD Asia
		Electricity Sector Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa
		Electricity Sector Reform Drivers
		Implication of Reform Outcomes for Sustainable Development Goal 7
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Available Energy: Powering the Energetic and Societal Needs of Sustainable Communities
		Definition
		Introduction
		Technical Background and Systemic Limits
			Energy and Power
			Fundamental Limits to Energy Conversion
			Nonrenewable Energy
			Energy Flows of the Earth System
			Renewable Energy Sources
			Competing Land Uses
			Financing
			Getting Net Energy
		Assessing Available Energy for a Region
			Assessing the Potential Top-Down
			Assessing the Potential Bottom-Up
		Outlook
		Cross-References
		References
	Awareness in Consumers About Sustainability
B
	Biocapacity
	Bioenergy Alternatives for the Disposal of Carbon Oxides
		Definitions
		Introduction. The Environmental Challenges of Carbon Dioxide Utilization at Thermal Power Plants
		Carbon Dioxide Removal with Biofuel Production: Definitions and Causes
			Identification of Trends in Bioreclamation of Carbon Dioxide
			Relationship between Clusters of Terms of Carbon Bio-Utilization
		Examples of Initiatives Being Developed for the Bio-Removal of CO2
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Biofuel and Biogas Policies: Economic, Regulatory, and Sustainability Challenges
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Impact on the Sustainable Development Goals
		Biofuels and Biogas: Production Cycle and Potential Applications
		Economic Challenges for Biofuels and Biogas
		Regulatory Challenges for Biofuels and Biogas
			Targets and Blending Mandates
			Infrastructural Development
			Grid Injection of Biomethane
		Biofuels and Biogas Sustainability
			The EU Sustainability Criteria
			Extra-EU Sustainability Criteria
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Biofuel Development: Institutional Design Across the World
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Africa and Asia
		Brazil
		European Union (EU)
		India
		United States of America (USA)
		Exploring the Institutional Design (ID) of Biofuel Development
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Biofuels Promotion
	Bottom-Up Models
	Building Energy Modelling
	Building Thermal Simulation Exuberant Recreational Framework
C
	Carbonization and Pyrolysis
	Care
	Carrying Capacity
	Centralized Versus Decentralized Electrification Pathways
		Definitions
		Introduction
			Overview of Past Electrification Experiences: The United States, Asia, and Latin America
		The Centralized and Decentralized Electrification Pathways
			Path Dependence
			Urban-Rural Divide
			State-Local Control
			Carbon-Decarbonization Debate
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Challenges of Reliable Power Supply with an Emphasis on Renewables
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Failure Examples of Reliable Power Supply Worldwide
		Reliability Evaluation Techniques
		Reliability of Renewable Energy
		Distributed Energy Supply
		Solutions in Improving Reliability
			Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
			Energy Storages
			Smart Grids
			Super Grids
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Charcoal and Biochar
	Citizen Engagement
	Civilian Use of Nuclear Energy
	Civilian Uses and Challenges of Nuclear Energy
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Origin and Evolution of Nuclear Energy
		Enrichment of Uranium
		Nuclear Energy for Electricity Generation
		Other Uses of Nuclear Energy
		Challenges of Nuclear Energy
		Nuclear Radiation Waste Management
		Nuclear Energy Safety Protection Laws
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Clean Energy
	Clean Energy Resources Adoption
	Clean Energy Solutions and Sustainable Development
		Definition
		Sustainable Development and Sustainability
			The Sustainable Development Goals and Energy
		The Nexus of Inefficient Energy, Environment, and Human Well-being
			Renewable Versus Non-renewable Energy Sources and Implications for Sustainability
		Addressing Disparities in Global Development, Energy Access, and Poverty for Accelerated Sustainable Development at the Grassr...
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Clean Energy Transition or Low-Carbon Transition
	CO2 Capture Technologies
	Co-innovation
	Collaborative Consumption
	Collaborative Economy
	Collaborative Process
	Community Engagement, Customer Engagement, and Changes in Behavior
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Customer Engagement
			North American Experience
			Pre-purchase Stage
			Purchase Stage
			Use Stage
			Post-use Stage
		Dealing with Disengaged Public
		Role of Community Organizations
		New Challenges
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Community Renewable Energy Systems
		Definition
		Introduction
		Principles of Community Renewable Energy Systems
			Definition
			Sharing of Local Energy
		Benefits and Barriers
		Current Status
			Introduction
			Social Research
			Economic Research
			Technical Research
			Practical Implementations
		Future Prospects
		Cross-References
		References
	Community Solar: Strategies and Implementation for Sustainability
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Solar Energy
			Solar Energy: Technology Landscape
			Pairing Solar and Storage Technologies
			Solar Energy: Policy Landscape
		The Role of Distributed Solar in the Energy System
			Ascendancy of the ``Economies of Scale´´ Theory
			Disputing the Dominance of the ``Economies of Scale´´ Rationale
			Benefits of Distributed Solar to the Electric Grid, Communities, and the Environment
		Community Solar Capitalizes on the Benefits of Distributed Solar
			Building a Democratic Energy System with Community-Owned Solar
			Community Ownership Means More Community Benefits
			Community Solar Benefits for Those with the Most to Gain
		Implementation of Community Solar
			Community Solar Policy in the USA
				Electricity Market and Utility Type Overview
				The Governance of Grid Access
			Many Models of Community Solar
			Constructing a Successful Community Solar Program
				Compensation Rates
				Subscriber Participation
				Ensuring Equitable Outcomes
		Conclusions: Great Potential but Many Barriers
		Cross-References
		References
	Consumer Behavior in Building Energy Use
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Consumer Behavior Embedded in Different Regulatory Levels: A Policy Framework
		Household Behavior: One Issue, Several Approaches
			Social Science Approach
			Technological and/or Engineering-Based Approach
		Determinants of Consumer Behavior in Residential Sector
		Strategies to Inform the Users and Support Behavioral Change
		Directions for Future Research
		Cross-References
		References
	Control
	Cooling Demand
	Creating Resilience, Minimizing Vulnerability of Communities
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Creating Resilience in Communities
			Risk Assessment
			Preparation for Impacts
			Considering the Aftermath of an Impact for Preparation
			Avoiding the Spread of Vulnerability
		Robust Energy Technology for Resilient Communities
		Cost-Benefit Analysis of Vulnerable Systems
		Outlook
		Cross-References
		References
	Creating Sustainable Business Ventures and Startups
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Characteristics of an Entrepreneur
		Role of Startups in SDG 7
		MVP (Minimum Viable Product)
		Lean Startup Method
		Startup Cell or an Entrepreneurship Cell
		Incubation Center
		Startup Policy
		Design Thinking
		Business Model Design
		Market Validation
		Different Forms of Business Enterprises
		Startup Challenges
		Initial Funding for Startup
		Startup Training
		Failures of Startup
		Valuation of Startup
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Crude Oil and Natural Gas: Key to a Sustainable Energy Future
		Definition
		Introduction
			Brief Overview of the Current Energy System
		Four Key Sectors of the Global Economy Critical to Decarbonization
			Power Generation
			Industry
			Transportation
			Housing/Buildings
		What the Oil and Gas Industry Is Doing to Ensure Sustainable Energy Future
			Technology and Innovation
			Outreach and Advocacy Programs
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
D
	Demand Response: A Nordic Perspective
		Definitions
		Actors and Marketplaces of Demand Response
			Electricity Retailer
			Transmission System Operator
			Distribution System Operator
			Aggregator
		Demand Response Resources and Infrastructure
		A Case Study: Demand Response in the North-European Electricity Market
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Deregulation and Liberalization
	De-risking Investment in Power Projects
		Definitions
		Introduction
			Risk, Policy, and Project Guarantees
			Government Guarantee
			Political Risk Insurance
			Partial Risk Guarantee (PRG)
			Partial Credit Guarantee (PCG)
			Export Credit Guarantee
			Concept of Risk Analysis and Management
			Risk Management Process
			Modelling and Analyses
			Options Theory
			Options and Power Projects
			Who Owns the Risks?
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Development
	Digital Marketing
	Digitalization: Enabler of Systemic Energy Efficiency
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Improved Use of Natural Resources
			Local Level
			Process Level
			System Level
		Accelerators and Inhibitors
			Cognitive Factors
			Economic Factors
			Capability Factors
		Conclusions and Future Outlook
		Cross-References
		References
	Drivers of Eco-innovation and Leverage Through Sustainable Business Models
		Definition
		Drivers of Eco-innovation
			The Role of Network in Adoption Eco-innovation
			Leveraging Eco-innovation Through Sustainable Business Models
			Can Environmental Legislation Push SBM and Eco-innovation?
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
E
	Easily Accessible Energy
	Eco-efficiency: Concept, Indicators, and Applications
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Origin of the Concept
		Eco-efficiency Concepts Around the World
		Eco-efficiency Indicators
		Applications
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Ecological Footprint
	Ecological Footprint and Sustainable Development: A Two-Way Approach
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Impact on Global Scenarios
		Current Consumption, Role of Technology, and Sustainability
		Frameworks on Ecological Footprint
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Economic Development
	Economic Feasibility
	Effectiveness of a Price-Based Mechanism: A Comparative Analysis of Price-Based and Quantity-Based Mechanisms
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Energy-Only Market Versus the Capacity Market
			The Peak Load Problem
			Energy-Only Markets
			Capacity Market
		How Do They Differ?
			The Price-Based Mechanism
				Advantage of the Price-Based Mechanism
				Disadvantages of the Price-Based Mechanism
			The Quantity-Based Mechanism
				Strategic Reserve
				Capacity Obligation (CO) or Requirement
				Capacity Auction
				Reliability Contracts
				Advantages of Quantity-Based Mechanism
				Disadvantage
		Evaluation of the Capacity Mechanisms
		Effectiveness of Price-Based Mechanism
		Capacity Mechanisms and Sustainable Development Goal 7
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Electric Mobility: A Key Technology to Decarbonize the Economy and Improve Air Quality
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Transportation and Energy Path During the Twentieth Century
		Evolution of Electric Mobility
		Architectures of Electric Vehicles
			Hybrid
			Plug-In Hybrid
			Pure Electric
			Mild Hybrid
		Reduction of Emissions with Electric Mobility: G2V and V2G
		Electric Buses
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Electricity
	Electricity Generation from Renewable Resources
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Renewable Resources
			Solar Resource
				Solar Energy Technologies
				Growth in the Solar Industry
				Threats in the Solar Energy Industry
				Current State of the Solar Energy Market
				Opportunities in the Solar Energy Market
				Outlook for Solar Energy Market
			Wind Resource
				Wind Energy Technologies
				Growth in the Wind Energy Industry
				Threats in the Wind Industry
				Current State of the Wind Energy Market
				Opportunities in the Wind Energy Market
				Outlook for Wind Energy Market
			Hydro Resource
				Hydro Energy Technologies
				Growth in the Hydropower Industry
				Threats in the Hydropower Industry
				Current State of the Hydropower Market
				Opportunities in the Hydropower Market
				Outlook for Hydropower Market
			Bioenergy Resource
				Bioenergy Technologies
				Growth in the Bioenergy Industry
				Threats in the Bioenergy Industry
				Current State of the Bioenergy Market
				Opportunities in the Bioenergy Market
				Outlook for Bioenergy Market
			Geothermal Resource
				Geothermal Technologies
				Growth in the Geothermal Industry
				Threats in the Geothermal Industry
				Current State of the Geothermal Market
				Opportunities in the Geothermal Market
				Outlook for Geothermal Market
		General Outlook
		Cross-References
		References
	End Users´ Need of Knowing Sustainability Information
	Energetic Metabolism
	Energy
	Energy Access
	Energy- and Non-Energy-Related Benefits in the Retrofit of the Existing Building Stock
		Definition
		State of the Art in Energy Building Renovation
			What Is Meant by Deep Renovation or Deep Retrofit
			Innovative Deep Retrofit Design Methodology Using Prefabricated Systems
			Technological and Architectural Requirements in Relation to Building Extension and Comfort
			Boundary Conditions for the Application of Innovative Deep Retrofit Packages and Solutions
				Outstanding Examples in Architecture Building Practice
				Possible Implementation of Deep Renovation at the Urban Scale
		Final Remarks
	Acknowledgment
		References
			Web References
	Energy Arrangement Efficacy
	Energy Arrangement Usefulness
	Energy Behavior
	Energy Communities
	Energy Conservation
	Energy Conservation Through Behavioral Change
	Energy Conservation: Concept and Approaches
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Energy Resources
			Nonrenewable Energy Resources
			Renewable Energy Resources
		The Importance of Energy Conservation
			Cost and Financial
			Environmental Protection
			Energy Security
		Approaches to Energy Conservation
			Install CFL Lights
			Use of Energy-Efficient Appliances
			Installing or Adding More Insulation
			Room Temperature
			Consumer Awareness
			Use Maximum Daylight
			Get an Energy Audit Done
			Drive Less, Walk More, and Carpooling
			Plant Shady Landscaping
			Installing the Energy-Efficient Windows
		The Way Forward
			Broader Collaboration
			Research and Development
			Ongoing Education and Awareness
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Consumption
	Energy Consumption Reduction
	Energy Consumption: Strategies to Foster Sustainable Energy Consumption
		Definition
		Introduction
			Major Energy Consumption Streams
			Strategies to Reduce Energy Consumption
			Challenges to Optimize Consumption
			Sustainable Development Goals and Sustainable Energy Consumption
			Current Progress of SDG 7
		Key Issues and Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Cooperatives in the EU and United States: History, Regulations, and Challenges
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Determinants of Energy Cooperatives
			Decentralized Systems
			Motivations for Joining
			Support for Environmental Sustainability
			Trust among Citizens and in the Cooperative Model
		Organization of Energy Cooperatives
		Energy Cooperatives in Practice
			History of Energy Cooperatives in the EU
			The EU Regulatory Framework
			Energy Cooperatives in the EU Today
			History of Energy Cooperatives in the United States
			The US Regulatory Framework
			Energy Cooperatives in the US Today
		Challenges Confronting Energy Cooperatives
			Knowledge and Legitimacy
			Decentralized vs. Centralized Systems
			Financial Mechanisms for Support
			Staying at the Niche Level
			Legislative Frameworks
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Efficiency
	Energy Efficiency and Sustainability
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Energy Efficiency Versus Energy Conservation
		Alternatives to Improve Energy Saving
		Energy Efficiency Policy and Trend
		Energy Poverty
		Energy Efficiency in SDGs
		The Repercussion of Energy Efficiency
		Challenges and Strategies Toward Energy Efficiency in Built World
		Conclusion
			The Forthcoming Energy Efficiency
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Generation: Sources, Challenges, and Solutions
		Definition
		Objective
		Energy Crisis
		Review of Energy Production
		Energy for Cooking
		Electrification
			Toward Universal Access to Energy
			ESER Strategy
		Toward Sustainable Energy
		Renewable Energy
			Renewable Resource: Wind Energy
			Renewable Resource: Hydroelectricity
			Renewable Resource: Biofuel
			Renewable Resource: Waste as Source of Energy
		Energy Efficiency
			Achieving Efficiency in Wind Energy
			Battery Efficiency
				Improvement in Nuclear Energy
			Hydrogen Technologies
		Challenges for the Future
		Conclusion and Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Governance and Institutions (International)
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		History and Conceptual Bases of Global Energy Governance
			Origins in Global Energy Cooperation
			Emergence of Global Energy Governance
		Imperatives and Intersecting Issues of Global Energy Governance
		Selected Global and Regional Actors
		Global Organizations and Frameworks
			United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
			International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
			United Nations Agencies and Programs
			World Trade Organization
			International Financial Institutions and Development Banks
		Multilateral and Bilateral Political Forums
			Group of Seven (G7), Group of Eight (G8), and Group of Twenty (G20)
			Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM)
			Bilateral Political Forums
		Non-state International Forums and Initiatives
		Regional Organizations and Frameworks
			European Union
				International Energy Agency
			Energy Charter (EC)
		Future Considerations
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Infrastructure for Sustainable Development
		Definitions
			Energy Infrastructure
		Introduction
		Need to Revamp Energy Infrastracture
			Centralized and Decentralized Electrification Pathways
		Energy Infrastructure and SDG-7
			Small Island Developing States
			Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
			Landlocked Developing Countries
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Intensity
	Energy Internet: Cyber-Physical Deployment of Future Distribution Grids
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Energy Internet: Background
		Energy Internet and Its Characteristics
			Definition
			Characteristics of the Energy Internet
		Challenges and Future Researches
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Investigation
	Energy Management
	Energy Mix
	Energy Modelling
	Energy Modelling for Reaching SDG7
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Historical Overview of Energy Modelling
		Energy System Models Types
		Integrated Assessment Models
		Sustainability and Energy System Modelling
		Energy Modelling and Scenarios
		Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Modelling: Methods and Applications
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Energy Efficiency
		Energy Modelling
			The Energy Modelling Process/Areas
			Energy Models for Policy Evaluation
			Types of Energy Modelling
				Building Energy Modelling (BEM)
				Urban Building Energy Modelling (UBEM)
				Occupants´ Behavior in Energy Saving
			Energy Saving Behavior Models
			Simulation Programs Using Energy Modelling
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Nexus in Synergy to SDGs
	Energy Operational Research
	Energy Performance
	Energy Performance Evaluation Based on SDGs
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Multiple Benefits of Energy Performance Improvement
			Air Pollution Mitigation
			Economic Benefits
			Social Benefits
			Health Benefits
			Ecological Benefits
		Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development
		Circular Sustainable Index (CSI) Model
			Application of CSI to Determine the Energy Sustainability in the Building Sector
				Developed Economies
					United States
					United Kingdom
					Canada
					Australia
					Japan
				Developing Economies
					China
					India
					South Korea
					Turkey
					Iran
				Calculation of the Sustainability Score of Energy Consumption in the Building Sector of Selected Countries
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Planning and Sustainability
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Principles of Energy Planning
		Roadmap Toward Efficient Energy Planning
		State of the Art and Good Practices of Energy Planning
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Policies in the Context of Sustainable Development
		Definition
		Why Is It Difficult to Promote Sustainable Energy Policies?
		How Does Governance Within the State Affect Sustainable Energy Policies?
		How Does Governance Beyond the State Affect Sustainable Energy Policies?
			The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
			The Energy Charter Treaty
			The World Trade Organization (WTO) Framework
			The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
			Interlinkages Between the International and National Levels
		Summary
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Energy Poverty
	Energy Preservation
	Energy Prosumers´ Role in the Sustainable Energy System
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Energy Prosumers and the Energy System
			Prosumer Types
			Prosumer as a Market Actor
			Prosumer and Energy Types
			Prosumers´ Relationship with the Grid
			Prosumer Activities in the Energy System
		Enablers and Drivers for Energy Prosumerism
		Prosumer Influence on Energy System and Sustainability
			Growing Prosumer Base Impact on the Energy System
			Energy Prosumerism and Sustainability
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Research and Its Contribution to Sustainable Development Goal 7
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Importance of Energy Research for the 2030 Agenda
		Energy Research and Its Contribution to SDG 7
			Ensure Universal Access to Affordable, Reliable, and Modern Energy Services
			Increase Substantially the Share of Renewable Energy in the Global Energy Mix
			Double the Global Rate of Improvement in Energy Efficiency
		The Way Forward
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Saving
	Energy Security
	Energy Security and Biofuel
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Defining Energy Security
		Why Is Energy Security with Fossil Fuel Not Sustainable?
		Biofuels and Energy Security
		Are Biofuels Really a Solution?
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Security and Sustainable Development
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Energy Security
			Sustainable Development and Energy Security
			Energy Security Criteria
			Energy Security Challenges
				Climate Change and Transboundary Concerns
				Insufficient Electricity Supply
				Energy Security from the Perspective of Both Energy Exporters and Importers Countries
		Strategies and Recommendations
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Simulation
	Energy Sources: Concepts and Their Classifications
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The SDG-7 and Its Relation to Energy Sources
		Classification of Energy Sources
			Primary and Secondary Energy Sources
			Commercial and Noncommercial Energy Sources
			Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Sources
		Sources, Resources, and Reserves
		Brief Overview of the Energy Sources
			Solar Energy
			Wind Energy
		Geothermal Energy
			Ocean Energy
			Hydroelectric Energy
			Biomass Energy
			Nuclear Energy
			Fossil Fuels
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Structure Utility
	Energy Studies
	Energy Supply System
	Energy Supply Using Nexus Approach for Attaining Sustainable Development Goal 7
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Sustainable Development Goal 7: Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable, and Modern Energy for All
			Energy Nexus in Synergy to Energy Supply Addressing Sustainable Development Goal 7
			Paths Forward
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy System
	Energy System Benefits
	Energy System Services and Their Impact on Sustainability
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Energy System Services
			Introduction
			Scope of Energy System Services
			Energy System Service Companies (ESCo)
				Energy Supply Contracting (ESC)
				Energy Performance Contracting (EPC)
			Energy Auditors
			Sustainability and Energy System Services
			Energy System Service Trends
				Replacement of Fossil Fuels by Various Sources of Renewable Energy
				Smart Grid
				Frequency and Voltage Regulator Ancillary Services
				Smart Energy Distribution and Management System (SEDMS)
				Building Operating System Services (BOSS)
				Hydrogen Power and Renewable Energy
				Electrical Systems
			Energy System Services: The Way Forward
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Systems Thinking
	Energy Use and Climate Change: History and Foresight
		Synonyms
		Definitions
			Physical Energy Units
			Energetic Metabolism and Climate Change Definitions and Concepts
			Climate Change and the Energy Balance of the Earth
		Introduction
		Historical Revolutions in Energy Use
			Natural Revolutions
			Human Revolutions
		Current Material and Energy Use
		Energy Use, Energy Technology, and the Concept of EROEI
			Value of EROEI Concept to Understand Historical Change in Energy Use
			Historical Societal and Technology-Specific EROEI Values
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Energy Use in the Building Sector and Climate Change: Modeling, Developments, and Future Trends
		Definition
		Introduction
		Overview and Fundamentals
			Climate Change Modeling
			Building Energy Simulation Fundamentals
		Modeling Climate Change in the Building Sector
			Statistical Approaches
			Building Simulation Approaches
		Developments and Future Trends
		Final Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Use Intensity
	Energy-Efficient Technologies in the Apparel Industry: Limitations of Existing Energy Research
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Energy Efficiency in Buildings
			Need for Energy-Efficient Technologies in Buildings
			Energy Efficiency Paradox
		Sustainable Development Goals and Energy Efficiency Research
		Energy-Efficient Technologies in the Apparel Industry
			Energy Technologies in the Apparel Industry
				Building Services
					Air-Conditioning
				Lighting
				Direct Production-Related Ttechnologies
					Production Machinery
				Other Technologies
				Energy Efficiency Enhancement Tools
			Energy-Efficient Technologies of the Apparel Industry
			Limitations of the Research on Energy-Efficient Technologies
				Limitations of the Research on Efficient Technologies Identification
				Limitations of the Research Approaches on Adoption of Energy-Efficient Technologies
		Recommendations
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy-Saving Measures
	Energy-Saving Solutions
	Ensuring Access to Sustainable and Affordable Energy to All
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Energy Access: A Global Perspective
			Energy Poverty in Europe
			Issues in Developing Economy
			Sub-Sharan African and Asian Countries
		Transgressing International Boundaries: Issues, Challenges, and Prospects
			Challenges in Access to Electricity and Clean Cooking
			Challenges Due to Lack of Funding
		Recommendations and Future Suggestions
		Cross-References
		References
	Entrepreneurship
	Environment
	Environmental Cooperation
	Environmental Friendly
	Environmental Governance: Complexity and Cooperation in the Implementation of the SDGs
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Changing Environmental Problem and International Cooperation
		Changes in Environmental Governance as a Response
		Governance Theories and Analytical Frameworks
		Environmental Governance and the SDGs
		Environmental Governance: Notes on the Way Forward
		Cross-References
		References
	Environmental Management
	Environmental Regulation
	Environmental Sustainability
F
	Financing Renewable Energy Sector (RES) Innovations
		Definition
		Introduction
		Types of Innovative Finance
			Tax Incentives
			Capital Subsidies
			Debt
				Loan
					Soft Loan
					Senior Debt
					Subordinated Debt
				Lease Finance
				Bond
				Sukuk
			Equity
		Financing Channels
			Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs)
				International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
				International Development Association (IDA)
				Global Environmental Facility (GEF)
				International Finance Corporation (IFC)
			Government and Private Sectors
			Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
			Banks
				Corporate Finance
				Project Finance
				Mezzanine Finance
			Pension Fund
			Sovereign Wealth Funds
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Fossil-Based Energy
	Frugal Innovation
	Fuel Poverty: Determining Factors and Addressing Challenges at the Grassroots
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Energy and the Sustainable Development Goals
			Fuel Poverty and Tailored Interventions
		The Multidimensionality of the Fuel Poverty Phenomenon
		Effectively Addressing the Multidimensionality of Fuel Poverty to Leave No One Behind
			Socializing Fuel Poverty
			Addressing Underlying Structural Challenges of Fuel Poverty
			Learning from the Lived-In Experiences of Affected Households
		Charting a New Pathway to Sustainability to Leave No One Behind
		Conclusion
		References
	Fuel Use and Sustainability
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Fossil Fuels
			Coal
			Natural Gas
			Petroleum
				Crude Oil
				Gasoline
				Other Petroleum Liquids
		Nuclear Fuels
		Biofuels
		Summary/Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Future Energy and the Use of Renewables
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The SDG-7 and its Relation to Future Energy
		Is the Future Renewable?
		Future Energy Sources
		What Do Energy Reports Envisage?
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
G
	Gender Empowerment and Community of Practice to Promote Clean Energy Sustainability
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Social, Cultural, Political, Economic, and Environmental Contextual Issues
		A Holistic Approach to Gender Empowerment, Sustainability, and Community of Practice (CoP)
		Transformative Change Through Gender Empowerment
		Community of Practice (CoP) Framework
		The Added Value of a Community of Practice (CoP) Framework
		Cross-References
		References
	Gender Equality
	Global
	Global Electricity Development: Technological, Geographical, and Social Considerations
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Alternative Definitions of Electricity
			Electricity Use
			Electricity Service Provision
			Electricity Service Provisioning Systems
		Electricity Development: Technological, Geographical, and Social
			Electricity Generation Transmission and Distribution
			Geographical Development of Electricity
			Development of Electricity Use as Electricity Services
		Electricity in SDG 7
		Redefining Electricity in Twenty-First Century
		Cross-References
		References
	Global Energy Architecture
	Global Energy Governance
	Global Environmental Governance
	Global Fossil Fuel Economy: Historical Trajectories and Future Challenges
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Localizing SDG 7: Greening the Global Carbon Economy?
			Introduction
			Historical Origins of the Carbon-Based Economy
				From Steam Power to Global Energy Markets
				Fossil Fuels and Power
			Petro States and the International Oil Cartel
				Environmental Implications of Oil
				Oil Business and Social Injustice
				Geopolitics of Oil
			Natural Gas Technology and Trade
				Natural Gas Is Bridging Energy Transition
				Geopolitics of Natural Gas Trade
				Hydraulic Fracturing
			Technological Fixes for ``Decarbonizing´´ the Global Energy System
				Social Aspects of the Energy Transition
				Subsidies for the Fossil Fuel Industry
				The Energy State of the Future
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Global Primary Energy Consumption
	Green
	Green and Sustainable Energy Acceptance
	Green Energy
	Green Energy and Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Transition Toward Sustainable Green Energy
		Green Energy in the Context of Sustainable Development
		Contributions of Green Energy to Sustainable Development
			Sustainable Socio-Economic Development
			Increase Energy Access
			Enhance Energy Security
			Improving Environmental Quality and Mitigating Climate Change
		Barriers to Green Energy Deployment in a Sustainable Development Context
		Policy Strategies for a Green Sustainable Energy Future
		Conclusions
		References
	Greenhouse Gases
	Greenhouse Gases: Properties and Evolution
		Definitions
		Introduction
			Greenhouse Effect
		Kinds of Greenhouse Gases and Their Properties
			Water Vapor
			Carbon Dioxide
			Methane
			Ozone
			Nitrous Oxide
			Chlorofluorocarbons
		Time Behavior of GHGS
			Global Emission Profiles
			GHG Emission Management
			GWP Weighting of GHGS and the Current Equivalent CO2 Abundance (CO2e)
		Cross-References
		Appendix A
		References
	Grid-Connected Microgrids: From Research to Sustainable Implementation
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
			The Historical Research Background of Microgrids
			The Microgrid Project Value Chain
		Cash Flows of a Microgrid Project
			Microgrid Costs
			Microgrid Value Streams
				Revenue Streams/Income
				Avoided Costs
		Dominant Business Models for Grid-Connected Microgrid Implementation
			Customer-Funded Business Models
			Third-Party-Funded Business Models
				DBOOM Single-Party-Led Models
				Multiple Third-Party Arrangement Models
				Grid Operator/Utility Ownership and Co-ownership Models
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
H
	Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP)
	Hybrid Models
	Hydrocarbon Deposits
I
	Illumination
	Improved Energy
	Indicators
	Indoor Air Pollution
	Ingredients
	Innovation Co-creation: Development and Application in Today´s Social Ecosystems
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Innovation
		Co-creation
		Innovation Through Co-creation
		Drivers for Innovation Co-creation
			The Drive to Form New Ideas or Ways of Thinking
				What Is the Purpose of Developing the Idea at Hand?
				Who Is the Idea For?
				What Is the Motivational Backing of This Idea?
				Is There a Legal or Regulatory Framework in Place for This Idea?
			The Drive for Building Diversity Within Group Thought
		Methodologies and Frameworks for Innovation Co-creation Processes
			Art of Hosting Frameworks
				World Cafe
				Open Space
				Circle Practice
				Pro Action Café
				Focus Group
				Collective Mind Mapping
			Informal Guidelines
				Generic Co-creation Model
			Scientific Guidelines
				Smart Community Development Framework
				Pedio Agora Framework
		Beyond Innovation Co-creation
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Innovation Ecosystem Perspective Accelerating Sustainable Business Models
		Definitions
		Management of Innovation Ecosystems
			Boundaries and Governance
			Coordination Mechanisms
			Roles
		Sustainable Business Models and Innovation Ecosystems
			Open Innovation and Co-creation Engaging Stakeholders
			Local Orientation Building Resilience
			Self-Adaptation Increasing Viability
		Summary: How Sustainability Becomes a Shared Principle for Value Proposition?
		Cross-References
		References
	Innovation for Off-Grid Solar Rural Electrification
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		The (Re)Emergence of Off-Grid Solar Solutions in the Energy Access Agenda
		The Benefits of Off-Grid Solar Systems
		Innovations in Off-Grid Solar
			Business Model Innovations
			Technological Innovations
				Hardware
				Remote Monitoring, IoT, M2M, and Big Data
			Financial Innovations
			Policy Innovations
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Institutional Design
	Integrate
	Integrated Assessment Models
	Interactive
	International Energy Law and Regulation
	International Energy Organizations
	Internet Marketing
	Inter-sector Linkages for Renewable Energy Development in Low-Income African Countries
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Background: Access to Affordable and Clean Energy in Low-Income African Countries (LIAC)
		Options and Prospects for RE Development in LIAC
			Biomass Resources for RE Development
		Inter-sector Linkages and the Development RE in LIAC
		Engaging Stakeholders in RE Development
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
L
	Land-Intensive Energy Option
	Lighting Energy Need and Sustainability
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Characteristics of Lighting Technologies and Lamp Types
			Lamp Performance Parameters
			Lamp Types and Applications
		Estimating Lighting Energy Consumption: The Theoretical Approach
		Transition to Efficient Lighting and Sustainability
			Energy Efficiency Transition Policy Status
		Conclusions
		References
	Local
	Local and Global Environmental Sustainability
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Environmental Sustainability
		Local Environmental Sustainability
		Sustainable Development and Bridge Between Local and Global Actors
		Initiatives for Environmental Sustainability
		Approach to Enhance the Outreach of Renewable Energy
		Energy Is Key to Growth and Sustainability
		Paths Forward
		Beyond Local and Global Sustainability Problems
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Low-Carbon Development
	Low-Cost Energy Conservation Measures
	Low-Cost Energy Conservation Measures and Behavioral Change for Sustainable Energy Goals
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Types of Energy Users´ Behavior
		Sustainable Development Goal 7: Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable, and Modern Energy for All
			Human Intervention in Achieving SDG 7
			SDG 7 and Energy Crisis
			Why Low-Cost Energy Conservation Measures Is an Inescapable Necessity to Attain SDG 7
			Opportunities Identified in the Building Sector in Achieving SDG 7
			Energy Conservation Measures for Home: Example of Charles County in the United States
			Energy Efficiency Brings Investment Opportunity
			Research Advocating ``Energy Literacy´´ for Behavioral Change in Energy Users
			How Low-Cost Energy Conservation Measures Can Help to Attain SDG 7
			Research Advocating Behavioral Change Training to Energy Consumers
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Low-Income Countries
	Luminescence
	Luminosity
M
	Maintenance
	Management
	Marine Bioprospecting to Improve Knowledge of the Biological Sciences and Industrial Processes
		Definition
		Introduction
		Marine Biotechnology
		The Diversity of Marine Natural Products
		Cyanobacteria and Their Potential Economic and Social Uses
		Microalgae: Other Applications
			Biotechnological Applications of Microalgae
			Target Areas for Research in Marine Biotechnology
			Human Consumption
			Animal Consumption
			Cosmetic Applications
			Applications in Biomedicine
		The Importance of the Research Centers Supporting Business Development
		Future Perspectives
		Cross-References
		References
	Material and Energy Wastes Associated with Charcoal Production
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Charcoal Production Process
			Acquisition, Harvesting, and Preparing the Wood
			Drying the Wood Logs
			Packing the Wood Logs
			Covering the Wood Logs with Grass/Leaves and Then Soil
			Covering the Wood Logs with Soil
			Igniting the Wood
			Pre-carbonisation and carbonization
			Carbonization
			Cooling
			Harvesting and Packaging
		Production Technologies
			Types of Production Technologies
			Efficiency of Charcoal Production Technologies
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Measures for Energy-Efficient and Low-Emission Private Mobility
		Definitions
		Mobility and Sustainable Development
		The Role of Private Mobility in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
		Achieving Affordable and Clean Energy in Private Mobility
			Analytic Framework
			Energy Efficiency Improvement and Climate Change Mitigation Policies
		Measures for Reducing the Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions from Transport
			Number of Trips
			Modal Split and Average Length of Trips
			Vehicle Occupancy Rate
			Average Energy Consumption per Kilometer
			CO2 Content of Energy
			Vehicle and Infrastructure Life Cycle Analysis
		CO2 Emissions from Transport: A Call for Action
		Conclusions and Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Methods of Energy-Saving Measures
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Advantages of Energy-Saving Measures
		Steps to Maximize Energy Savings in Project Implementations
		Energy-Saving Measures
			Legal or State Run Measure
			Educational and Communication
				Public and Community Education
				School Education
			Technical Measures Specific to Both Industry and Residence
				Technical Measures Specific to Residential Usage
				Technical Measures Specific to Industrial Usage
			Research and Development
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Microbial Lipids
	Microbial Oil as a Sustainable Source of Energy and Nutrients
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Biochemistry of Single-Cell Oils
		Applications of SCOs and Relation to SDGs
			SCOs as Source for Biofuel Production
				Classification of Biofuels on Molecular Components
				Classification of Biofuels on Origin of Feedstock
			SCOs as Food Ingredients and Supplements
				SCOs as Source of Essential Fatty Acids
				SCOs as Substitute of Exotic Plant Oils
		Production of SCOs
			Oleaginous Microorganisms
				Bacteria
				Yeast and Fungi
				Microalgae
			Fermentation Techniques
			Growth Substrates
			Downstream Processing
		Synthetic Biology for the Production of SCOs
			Increasing the Substrate Range of Oleaginous Microorganisms
			Improving Cellular Productivity for the Synthesis of SCO
			Modification of Produced SCO
		Impact of SCOs in Sustainable Development Goals
			Overview of the Impact of SCOs as Biofuels on SDGs
			Overview of the Impact of Nutritional SCOs on SDGs
		Cross-References
		References
	Microbial Oils
	Microgrid Business Models
	Microgrid Project´s Value Streams
	Microgrid Projects´ Added Value
	Microgrid Projects´ Value Chain
	Microgrids: Impact on the Development of Sustainable Electric Energy Systems
		Definition
			Types of Microgrids
		Microgrids Enabling Sustainability
		How Can Regulation Promote Sustainable Microgrids?
			Affordability
			Environmental, Economic, and Social Objectives
			Modernization Objectives
			Reliability Objectives
		Technical Aspects in Microgrid Development
			General Features
			Microgrids as Part of the Electricity System
			Control of Microgrids
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Micro-Macro Measurements of Sustainability
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Sustainability Measurements
		Micro Versus Macro Level of Measurement
		The Links Between Micro and Macro Measurement
		The Importance of Measurement
		Characteristic of Effective Indicators
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Modelling Clean Energy for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Clean Technologies
		Modelling for Sustainability
		Energy Modelling for Decision-Making
		Modelling Multiple Energy Indicators
		Strengths and Limitations of Energy Models Software
		Summary and Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Modern Energy
	Multilateral Governance
	Multisided Platforms
N
	Natural- and Bioenergy Implementation
	New Business Venture
	Nonrenewable Energy
	Nonrenewable Fuel Source
	Nuclear Energy
O
	Occupant Behavior
	[Off-Grid] Solar Technologies = [Off-Grid] Solar Solutions
	Off-Grid Sustainable Energy Systems for Rural Electrification
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Energy Access Characterization
		Off-Grid Supply and Demand Situation
		Solar Equipment
			Off-Grid Appliances
		Other Components
		Off-Grid Market
			Market Regulation
		Market Barriers
		Market Main Drivers
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Online Marketing
	Open Innovation
P
	Past and Future Global Energy Mix
		Definitions
		Introduction
			The Current State of the World and Its Evolution of Energy Mix
			Energy Transitions
			Available Choices for Energy Fuels
		The Past Global Energy Mix
			Example Country Energy Mixes
		Future Global Energy Mix
		Cross-References
		References
	Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy
	Peak Demand and High Demand
	Phytoplankton: Biodiesel Production and Other Applications for Marine Biotechnology
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Technologies of Sustainable Exploitation
		Algae-Based Biofuels
			Microalgae
			Microalgae as an Alternative Fuel Source
				Microalgal Biomass Production
		Raceway Ponds
		Photobioreactors
		Photobioreactors Versus Raceway Ponds
		Future Perspectives
		Future Priorities
		Cross-References
		References
	Platform Economy and Sustainable Energy
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
			Network Effects
			Multiple Sides
			Efficiency
			Other Features
		Types of Energy Platforms
			Innovation: Co-creation of Value
			Investment: A Portfolio of Value
			Transactional: Exchange of Value
			Integration: Production of Value
		Platforms to Foster Sustainable Energy
			Multi-sided Platforms as a Business Case for Market Participation
			Multifunctional Platforms in Africa
			Crowdfunding Through Platforms
		Key Issues and Future Directions
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Policies
	Policy Experimentation in Renewable Energy
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Policies for Energy Access
		Regulatory and Pricing Policies Electricity Access
			Status of Renewable Energy Policies
			Policy Instruments
			Innovations
			Integrating Market Mechanisms in Green Energy Policies
		Key Players and Emerging Game-Changers
			Cities and Local Governments
		Renewable Heat Policies
		Policies for Solar Water Heaters
			Cooling
		Clean Cooking
		Renewable Power Policies
		Renewable Electricity Quotas & Mandates
		Tradable Certificates
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Politics and Economics of Hydropower: Emerging Conflicts
		Definition
		Growth and Development of Hydropower: Background
		Politics and Economics of Hydropower
		Anti-dam Movements and Dam Decommissioning
		Sustainable Development Goals and Hydropower
		Is Hydropower Project Unsustainable and Conflicting?
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Power
	Power Management Function
	Power System Services
	Promoting Policies for Renewable Electrification
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Sustainable Development and Renewable Electrification
			Sustainable Electrification and Energy Justice Nexus
		Most Effective Renewable Energy Policies
			Distributed Generation
			Net-Metering
			Feed-in Tariff
			Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)
			Renewable Energy Credits
		Policy Mechanisms
			Market Mechanism
			Regulation
		Summary and Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Protection
	Public-Private Partnership
	PV Rooftop Installation
	PV Self-Consumption Installations: Challenges and Actions to Achieve SDG7
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		PV Self-Consumption Challenges and Action to Achieve SDG 7
			Introduction
			Technical Description
			PV Self Consumption Installation Examples for Rural Development
				PV Self-Consumption Installation in a Wine Cellar
				Self-Consumption Installation on a Medical Center in Ivory Coast (Project)
			Challenges and Actions
			Conclusions
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
R
	Radiance
	Reduced Energy Consumption
	Reducing Fuel Poverty for Sustainable Future Development
		Definition
		Introduction
		Fuel Poverty, Sustainability, and Fuel Diversification
		Fuel Poverty and Public Health
		Fuel Poverty and Gender
		Policy Performance in Combatting Fuel Poverty
		Synergies for Renewable Oriented Energy System in the Global South
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Reduction of Petroleum Consumption
		Definition
		Introduction
		Importance of Reducing Petroleum Consumption to Meet the Targets of SDG 7
		Challenges
		Global Situation in Terms of Petroleum Consumption
		The Way Forward
		Cross-References
		References
	Regulation
	Regulatory Challenges
	Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Potential
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Nonrenewable Energy
			Oil and Natural Gas
			Coal
			Nuclear Power
		Potential of Renewable Energy
			Solar Power
			Wind Power
			Hydropower
				Wave and Tidal Power
			Geothermal Power
			Bioenergy
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Renewable Energy
	Renewable Energy Development
	Renewable Energy Source Adoption
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Types of Renewable Energy Source
			Solar Energy
			Wind Energy
			Hydropower Energy
			Geothermal Energy
			Marine Energy
			Bioenergy
		Renewable Energy Technologies
		Resource Assessment
			Indexes for the Assessment of Renewable Energy Sources
			Energy Resource Assessment Data
		Factors Influencing Renewable Energy Source Adoption
			Economic Factors
			Environmental Factors
			Social Factors
			Technology Factor
			Government
			Organization
		Theory of Reasoned Action and Technology Acceptance Model
		Renewable Energy Policies
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Renewable Energy Sources: Traditional and Modern-Age Technologies
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Very First RE Type: The Sun
		Modern-Age RE Resources
			Solar Power
			Wind Power
			Hydropower
			Wave and Tidal Power
				Tidal Power
				Wave Energy
			Geothermal
			Nuclear Fission and Fusion
			Biomass and Biofuels
		Carbon Economics
		Smart Energy Grids
		Alternative Energies and Society
		Discussion
		Cross-References
		References
	Residential Distributed Energy
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Characterizing the Residential Sector
			The Global Building and Residential Sector
			Energy Used in Residential Buildings
		The Different Distributed Energy Technologies
			Heat Pumps
			Cogeneration
			Solar Hot Water
			Bioenergy
			District Heating and Cooling
			Solar Photovoltaics (PV)
			Wind
			Microgrids
			Virtual Power Plants (VPP)
			Energy Storage
		Barriers to Residential Distributed Energy
			Financial Barriers
			Awareness and Behavioral Barriers
			Regulatory and Institutional Barriers
			Technological Barriers
		Future Trends and Developments
			More Electrification
			Falling Costs and Improving Efficiencies of the Technologies
			Decarbonization of Gas with Increasing Activity and Interest in Hydrogen
			More Established, Successful, and Evolved Business Models
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Reverse Innovation for Affordable and Clean Energy
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Reverse Innovation
		Characteristics of Reverse Innovations for Affordable and Clean Energy
			Affordability
			Local Appropriateness
			Examples of Reverse Innovation for Affordable and Clean Energy
			Microfinance
			Pico Solar Devices
			Business Model Innovations
			Reverse Innovation Challenges and Opportunities
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Run-of-River (RoR) Hydropower
	Rural Household Energy Systems in Developing Countries
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Energy Use Patterns in Rural Areas of Developing Countries
		Common Characteristics of Developing Countries
			Rapidly Increasing Demand for Energy
			Energy Access
			Lack of Affordability
			Heavy Dependence on Solid Fuels and Related Health Problems
			Poor Performance of Power Sector
			Energy Poverty and Its Implications
		Access to Modern Energy and Its Benefits
		Determinants of Household´s Fuel Choice
			Accessibility and Reliability of Energy Sources
			Geographical and Location Factor
			Composition of the Household
			Education
			Income and Wealth
		Conclusion/Summary
		Cross-References
		References
S
	Scaling-Up Renewable Energy Share of the Global Energy Mix: Analysis of Spatial Variability
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Trends in Energy Production and CO2 Emissions Around the Globe
		Comparative Analysis of Total Final Energy Consumption
		Comparative Analysis of Non-Renewable and Renewable Energy by Regions
		Future Investments in Renewable Energy Sources by Regions
		Scaling-Up Renewable Energy Technologies
		CO2 Capture Technologies
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) Policy for Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) Policies
		Toward Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) Policy for Sustainable Development
		Policy Design: Upgrade National STI Policy Within the Framework of SDGs
		Possible Acts for Strengthening STI Policy
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	SDG 7
	Service Quality and Service Delivery
	Service Quality in the Energy Sector and Its Impact on Sustainability
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Service Quality
		Alternative Tools to SERVQUAL
		Service Quality in the Energy Sector
			Marketing of Services
			Customer Co-creation
			Impact of Service Quality on Sustainability
			Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Shared Economics
	Sharing Economy and the Future of Energy
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
			The Power of Technology
			A Rising Shift in Values
			The Potential to Increase Environmental Sustainability
			Sharing Is Financially Lucrative for Market Participants
		Characteristics of the Sharing Economy
			Platforms for Collaboration
			Underutilized Resources
			Peer-to-Peer Interactions
			Collaborative Governance
			Mission-Driven
			Alternative Funding
			Technology Reliance
			Disruptive Potential
		Transforming the Energy Industry with a Sharing Economy
			Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
			Transportation-as-a-Service
			Blockchain Technology and the Electricity Market
		Key Issues and Future Directions
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Single-Cell Oil
	Smart and Energy-Efficient Approaches to Universal Electrification
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Matters of Energy
		Universal Electrification and Climate Change
		The Smarter Way Forward
			Developing Countries as the Focus
			Renewable Energies
			Decentralized Systems
			Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reforms
			Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Edge
			Energy Efficiency Modes
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Social Media Marketing
	Social Metabolism
	Solar Lanterns = Pico-Solar Systems/Solutions
	Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Power
	Sustainability Assessment
	Sustainability Awareness: Actions and Possibilities to Achieve SDG7
		Definitions
		Introduction: Sustainable Awareness on Energy Access
		Human Well-Being
			Affordable Energy
			Modern Energy
		Resource Base
			Renewable Energy and the Global Energy Mix
			Energy Efficiency
			Infrastructure and Technology
		Global Public Goods
			Reliable Energy
			Sustainable Energy
			International Cooperation on Clean Energy Research and Technologies
		Syntheses and Conclusions
			Actions
			Possibilities
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainability Information Required by Consumers
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Sustainability Information
		Importance of Sustainability Information
		Recent Studies and Initiatives to Empower Sustainability Information
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable
	Sustainable Development
	Sustainable Development Goals
	Sustainable Development Governance
	Sustainable Disruptive Innovation (SDI): Initiating Systemic Changes by Reconfiguring User Preferences
		Definitions
		Sustainable Disruptive Innovation
			Ways to Design and Evaluate SDI
		Obstacles for SDIs
		Managing SDI Processes
		Summary and Example of SDI
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Energy
	Sustainable Energy for Rural Household Cooking in Developing Countries
		Definition
		Introduction
			Why Sustainable Cooking Energy Is Important
		Energy Resource Usage for Cooking: An Overview
		Access to Sustainable Cooking Fuel and Technologies
			Regional Trend
			Country Trends
			Policy Approaches
		Gender and Health
		Behavioral Barriers and Their Approaches to Mitigation
		Financing Sustainable Energy for Cooking
		Conclusion and Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Energy Management
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Value of Energy Management
		Energy-Sustainability Challenges
		Demand-Side Management Strategies
		Energy Security
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Energy Production: Small Hydropower Plant and Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant Hybrid System
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Theoretical Background
			Hydropower Plants
			Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants
			State of the Art of Small Hydropower Plants
		Hybrid System ``Hydropower Plant and Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant´´
		Environmental Impact
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Energy Solutions: Innovations and Technological Advances
		Definitions
		Need of Energy Innovations
		Understanding Energy Scenario
		Sectors for New Technologies
		Review of Energy Crisis
		Energy Sources and the Challenges of their Extinction
		Energy Innovations and the Challenge of Creating Better Energy Sources
		Challenges in Transport Sector
		Energy from Waste
		Energy from Biomass and Other Sources
		Energy Efficiency
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Energy Supply
	Sustainable Energy Use
	Sustainable Environment
	Sustainable Measures to Reduce the Cooling Energy Demand
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Global Energy Demand for Cooling
		Future Energy Demand for Cooling
		Calculating the Cooling Demand
		Passive and Active Building Components
		Passive Building Component Reducing the Cooling Demand
			Arid Climate
			Tropical Climate
			Temperate Climate
		Active Building Components Providing the Cooling Demand
		Optimization of Active and Passive Components
		Applications of Active and Passive Measures
		System Optimization of Active Cooling Devices
		Summary/Conclusion
			What Is the Future of the Cooling Energy Demand?
		References
T
	Tactical
	Tidal Power
	Tools and Methods
	Top-Down Models
	Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES)
	Transformative
	Trickle-Up Innovation
	Two-Sided Markets
U
	Universal Access to Energy and Sustainable Development
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Content and the Scope of the Universal Access to Energy
			Universal Access to Energy in the International Law
			Energy Poverty
			Characteristics and Implications of the Universal Access to Energy
				Progressive Realization and Respect, Protection, and Fulfilment of the Universal Access to Energy
				Characteristics of the Universal Access to Energy
					Universality
					Access
					Energy
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	User Behavior
	Using Energy Simulation to Make Buildings Energy Efficient
		Synonyms
		Definition
		User-Defined Modelling
		Overview of Energy Simulation Mechanism
		Perimeters Considered by Recreational Programs
		Reviewing Existing Energy Infrastructure for Building Simulation Models
			Modelling Approach
				Geometry and Constructions
				Zone Typing
				Internal Loads
				Examining HVAC Framework
				Building Information Modelling
				Building Automation Design
				Computational Fluid Dynamics
				Lighting Modelling
			Working of Energy Simulation Program
				Space Loads
				System Loads
				Economic Calculations
			Simulation Program Outputs
		Sustainable Building Constitute of Energy Simulation
		Conclusion
		References
V
	Variable Renewable Energy for Sustainability: Promise and Paradox
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Principle Forms of Variable Renewable Energy (VRE)
		Solar Energy
		Wind Energy
		Run-of-River (RoR) Hydropower
		Tidal Power
		Technical Barriers
		Political Economic Barriers
		The Future of Variable Renewable Energy
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Venture Creation
	Vitality Simulation
W
	Web Marketing
	Wind Power
	World Energy Consumption