Aerodynamics for Engineers,

Cover......Page 1
Aerodynamics for Engineers......Page 2
Contents ......Page 4
Preface ......Page 10
Why Study Aerodynamics? ......Page 12
 Aerodynamics and the Energy-Maneuverability Technique......Page 13
 Solving for the Aerothermodynamic Parameters ......Page 19
 Description of an Airplane ......Page 37
 Summary ......Page 38
 Problems ......Page 39
 References ......Page 43
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics ......Page 44
 Introduction to Fluid Dynamics ......Page 45
 Conservation of Mass ......Page 47
 Conservation of Linear Momentum ......Page 51
 Applications to Constant-Property Flows......Page 57
 Reynolds Number and Mach Number as Similarity Parameters ......Page 66
 Concept of the Boundary Layer ......Page 74
 Conservation of Energy ......Page 76
 First Law of Thermodynamics ......Page 77
 Derivation of the Energy Equation ......Page 79
 Problems ......Page 87
 References ......Page 98
Dynamics of an Incompressible, Inviscid Flow Field ......Page 99
 Inviscid Flows ......Page 100
 Bernoulli’s Equation  ......Page 101
 Use of Bernoulli’s Equation to Determine Airspeed ......Page 104
 The Pressure Coefficient ......Page 107
 Circulation ......Page 110
 Irrotational Flow ......Page 113
 Kelvin’s Theorem  ......Page 114
 Incompressible, Irrotational Flow and the Velocity Potential ......Page 115
 Stream Function in a Two-Dimensional, Incompressible Flow......Page 118
 Relation between Streamlines and Equipotential Lines......Page 120
 Superposition of Flows ......Page 123
 Elementary Flows ......Page 124
 Adding Elementary Flows to Describe Flow Around a Cylinder......Page 137
 Lift and Drag Coefficients as Dimensionless Flow-Field Parameters......Page 145
 Flow Around a Cylinder with Circulation ......Page 150
 Source Density Distribution on the Body Surface ......Page 155
 Incompressible, Axisymmetric Flow ......Page 160
 Problems ......Page 163
 References ......Page 176
Viscous Boundary Layers ......Page 177
 Equations Governing the Boundary Layer for a Steady, Two-dimensional, Incompressible Flow ......Page 178
 Boundary Conditions ......Page 181
 Incompressible, Laminar Boundary Layer ......Page 182
 Boundary-Layer Transition......Page 200
 Incompressible, Turbulent Boundary Layer ......Page 204
 Eddy Viscosity and Mixing Length Concepts ......Page 213
 Integral Equations for a Flat-Plate Boundary Layer......Page 215
 Thermal Boundary Layer for Constant-Property Flows......Page 226
 Problems ......Page 232
 References ......Page 236
Characteristic Parameters for Airfoil and Wing Aerodynamics ......Page 237
 Characterization of Aerodynamic Forces and Moments......Page 238
 Airfoil Geometry Parameters ......Page 242
 Wing-Geometry Parameters......Page 247
 Aerodynamic Force and Moment Coefficients ......Page 255
 Wings of Finite Span ......Page 284
 Problems ......Page 299
 References ......Page 303
Incompressible Flows Around Airfoils of Infinite Span ......Page 305
 General Comments ......Page 306
 Circulation and the Generation of Lift ......Page 307
 General Thin-Airfoil Theory......Page 309
 Thin, Flat-Plate Airfoil (Symmetric Airfoil)......Page 312
 Thin, Cambered Airfoil ......Page 317
 Laminar-Flow Airfoils......Page 328
 High-Lift Airfoil Sections......Page 332
 Multielement Airfoil Sections for Generating High Lift ......Page 338
 High-Lift Military Airfoils......Page 345
 Problems ......Page 348
 References ......Page 350
Incompressible Flow About Wings of Finite Span ......Page 352
 General Comments ......Page 353
 Vortex System ......Page 356
 Lifting-Line Theory for Unswept Wings......Page 357
 Panel Methods ......Page 386
 Vortex Lattice Method ......Page 390
 Factors Affecting Drag Due-to-Lift at Subsonic Speeds......Page 412
 Delta Wings ......Page 415
 Leading-Edge Extensions......Page 425
 Asymmetric Loads on the Fuselage at High Angles of Attack......Page 429
 Flow Fields for Aircraft at High Angles of Attack......Page 433
 Unmanned Air Vehicle Wings......Page 435
 Problems ......Page 437
 References ......Page 439
Dynamics of a Compressible Flow Field ......Page 442
 Thermodynamic Concepts ......Page 443
 Adiabatic Flow in a Variable-Area Streamtube......Page 452
 Isentropic Flow in a Variable-Area Streamtube......Page 456
 Converging-diverging Nozzles ......Page 462
 Characteristic Equations and Prandtl-Meyer Flows......Page 465
 Shock Waves ......Page 473
 Viscous Boundary Layer ......Page 484
 Shock-Wave/Boundary-Layer Interactions......Page 491
 Shock/Shock Interactions......Page 493
 The Role of Experiments for Generating Information Defining the Flow Field ......Page 497
 Comments About the Scaling/Correction Process(es) for Relatively Clean Cruise Configurations......Page 505
 Problems ......Page 506
 References ......Page 513
Compressible, Subsonic Flows and Transonic Flows ......Page 516
 Compressible, Subsonic Flow ......Page 517
 Transonic Flow Past Unswept Airfoils ......Page 528
 Wave Drag Reduction by Design ......Page 537
 Swept Wings at Transonic Speeds ......Page 538
 Transonic Aircraft ......Page 554
 References ......Page 559
Two-Dimensional, Supersonic Flows Around Thin Airfoils......Page 562
 Linear Theory ......Page 564
 Second-Order Theory (Busemann’s Theory)......Page 572
 Shock-Expansion Technique......Page 577
 Problems ......Page 583
 References ......Page 586
Supersonic Flows Over Wings and Airplane Configurations......Page 588
 General Remarks About Lift and Drag ......Page 590
 General Remarks About Supersonic Wings ......Page 592
 Governing Equation and Boundary Conditions ......Page 594
 Consequences of Linearity ......Page 595
 Conical-Flow Method......Page 596
 Singularity-Distribution Method......Page 609
 Design Considerations for Supersonic Aircraft ......Page 636
 Some Comments About the Design of the SST and of the HSCT......Page 638
 Slender Body Theory ......Page 645
 Base Drag ......Page 647
 Aerodynamic Interaction ......Page 650
 Aerodynamic Analysis for Complete Configurations in a Supersonic Free Stream ......Page 653
 Summary ......Page 654
 Problems ......Page 655
 References ......Page 657
Hypersonic Flows ......Page 660
 The Five Distinguishing Characteristics......Page 663
 Newtonian Flow Model ......Page 668
 Stagnation Region Flow-Field Properties......Page 671
 Modified Newtonian Flow ......Page 676
 High L/D Hypersonic Configurations—Waveriders......Page 693
 Aerodynamic Heating ......Page 702
 A Hypersonic Cruiser for the Twenty-First Century?......Page 708
 Importance of Interrelating CFD, Ground-Test Data, and Flight-Test Data......Page 711
 Boundary-Layer-Transition Methodology......Page 713
 Problems ......Page 717
 References ......Page 719
Aerodynamic Design Considerations ......Page 722
 High-Lift Configurations......Page 723
 Circulation Control Wing......Page 736
 Design Considerations for Tactical Military Aircraft......Page 738
 Drag Reduction ......Page 742
 Development of an Airframe Modification to Improve the Mission Effectiveness of an Existing Airplane......Page 753
 Considerations for Wing/Canard, Wing/Tail, and Tailless Configurations......Page 769
 Comments on the F-15 Design  ......Page 774
 The Design of the F-22 ......Page 775
 The Design of the F-35 ......Page 778
 Problems ......Page 781
 References ......Page 783
Tools for Defining the Aerodynamic Environment ......Page 786
 Computational Tools ......Page 788
 Establishing the Credibility of CFD Simulations......Page 794
 Ground-Based Test Programs......Page 796
 Flight-Test Programs......Page 799
 Integration of Experimental and Computational Tools: The Aerodynamic Design Philosophy......Page 800
 References ......Page 801
Appendix A The Equations of Motion Written in Conservation Form......Page 803
Appendix B A Collection of Often Used Tables......Page 809
Answers to Selected Problems ......Page 817
Index ......Page 822
Credits ......Page 830