Adversarial Political Interviewing: Worldwide Perspectives During Polarized Times

Preface
Contents
Contributors
1 Introduction: Political Interviews—An Analytical Model
	1.1 Introduction: Political Interviews
	1.2 Media Broadcast Interviews
	1.3 Examining Political Interviews
	1.4 A Model: Elements and Research Questions in Political Interviewing
		1.4.1 The Participants
		1.4.2 The Interviewers’ Questions
		1.4.3 The Interviewees’ Replies
		1.4.4 The Question/Reply Sequences
		1.4.5 The Interview’s Social/Political Atmosphere
		1.4.6 Media Organization
		1.4.7 The Setting of the Interview Session
		1.4.8 The Interview’s Political and Socio-Cultural Environment
	1.5 Overview of the Volume
	References
Part I Reciprocal Interactions Between Interviewers and Interviewees
2 Neutrality, Non-neutrality, and Hybridity in Political Interviews
	2.1 The Changing Relationship Between Journalists and Politicians
	2.2 Types of Political Interview
	2.3 Pursuing a Polar Question
	2.4 Quotative Questioning
	2.5 Going Meta: Which “Truth,” Whose “People”?
	2.6 Conclusion
	Appendix 2.1. Transaction Conventions
	References
3 Manifestations of Integrated Hybridity in Journalistic Questioning During the 2012 Elections in Greece
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Data and Methodology
	3.3 Results
		3.3.1 Data Analysis: The Use of Hybridity When Sanctioning Interviewee Resistance
		3.3.2 Data Analysis: Integrated Hybridity in Journalists’ Adversarial Challenges
	3.4 Discussion and Conclusions
	Appendix 3.1. Transaction Conventions
	References
4 Interviewing Styles: Reciprocal Positioning and Power in the Israeli Context
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Reciprocal Positioning
	4.3 Normative Expectations and Discourse Norms: The Israeli Context
	4.4 Corpus and Context
	4.5 Comparing Two Interviews: A Case Study
		4.5.1 Setting the Stage: The Openings
		4.5.2 Setting the Agenda: Negotiating Initial Interviewer Challenges
		4.5.3 Topic Shifts
		4.5.4 By Way of Conclusion: Two Interviewing Styles
	4.6 Discussion
	Appendix 4.1 Transaction Conventions
	References
5 Threat to Face and Equivocation in Televised Interviews of Italy’s Politicians For and Against the 2016 Constitutional Referendum
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Theory of Equivocation and Impartiality
		5.1.2 The TV Broadcast Channels: Case Studies
	5.2 Aims and Expectations
	5.3 Method
		5.3.1 Sample
		5.3.2 Category Systems
		5.3.3 Reliability of Category Systems
		5.3.4 Data Analysis
	5.4 Results
		5.4.1 Descriptive Results
		5.4.2 Impartiality of Channels and Interviewers Toward Politicians in Favor of or Against the Referendum
		5.4.3 Does the Equivocation of the Answer Depend on the Face-Threatening Level of the Preceding Question?
		5.4.4 Does the Face-Threatening Level of the Question Depend on the Equivocation of the Preceding Answers?
	5.5 Discussion, Examples, and Conclusions
		5.5.1 Discussion of Descriptive Results
		5.5.2 Discussion of Impartiality
		5.5.3 Discussion of Equivocation Theory
		5.5.4 Conclusions
	References
6 Aristotelian Framing in Political Discourse: A Case Study of Malaysian Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin’s Exclusive Interview with Radio Televisyen Malaysia and the News Agency Bernama
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Malaysia and Its Political Players
		6.1.2 They Call Me Abah
		6.1.3 Rationale and Aim
	6.2 Political Interviews in Malaysia
		6.2.1 The Local Parlance of Cakap Berlapik
		6.2.2 Persuasion and Aristotelian Framing
	6.3 Methodology
	6.4 Findings and Discussion
		6.4.1 Logos
		6.4.2 Ethos
		6.4.3 Pathos
		6.4.4 Telos
		6.4.5 Kairos
	6.5 Conclusions
	References
7 Beyond the Question–Answer Format: How Montenegrin Interviewers Depart from the “Normative” Political Interview Structure
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Interviewer-Initiated Departures from the Normative News and Political Interview Structure
	7.3 Data and Method
	7.4 Interviewer-Initiated Departures from the Question–Answer Format in Montenegrin Political Interviews
		7.4.1 Rapport Builders
		7.4.2 Counter-Assertions
		7.4.3 Acknowledgements
		7.4.4 Management Turns
		7.4.5 Collaborative Completions
		7.4.6 Clarifications
		7.4.7 Replies
	7.5 IR-Initiated Departures from the Question–Answer Format—A Matter of Interviewing Style, Local Interviewing Conventions, and/or the IE?
	7.6 Conclusion
	References
Part II Argumentative and Persuasive Strategies During Political Interviews
8 A Metafunctional Analysis of Two Televised U.K. Political Interviews with Boris Johnson and Keir Starmer
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Brief Exegesis into Theory
	8.3 Analysis 1: Keir Starmer Interview
		8.3.1 Experiential Meanings—What is Going on?
		8.3.2 Interpersonal Meaning—Evaluations and Actions
		8.3.3 What is New and Who Said It
	8.4 Analysis 2: Boris Johnson Interview
		8.4.1 Experiential Meanings—What is Going on?
		8.4.2 Interpersonal Meaning—Evaluations and Actions
		8.4.3 What is New and Who Said It
	8.5 Conclusion
	Appendix 3.1 Transaction Conventions
	References
9 Argumentative Strategies and Self-image Projection in Spanish Political Interviews
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Corpus and Methodology
	9.3 The Interview and Its Participants
	9.4 Interviews on Public Television
		9.4.1 La Hora de la 1: The Interview of Rocío Monasterio by Mónica López
		9.4.2 La Hora de la 1: The Interview of Rosa Díez by Mónica López, Cristina Monge, and Juan de Dios Colmenero
		9.4.3 La Noche: The Interview of Salvador Illa by Xavier Fortes
	9.5 Interviews on a Network Aligned with the Politician: The Interview of Santiago Abascal by María Durán and Julio Ariza
	9.6 Interviews on a Private Network, Progressive-Oriented: The Interview of Pedro Sánchez by Antonio García Ferreras
	9.7 Conclusions
	References
10 Crisis Response Strategies in Political Interviews: A European Union Perspective
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Political Interviews as Argumentative Practices: Implications for Crisis Responses
		10.2.1 Argumentation in Political Interviews
		10.2.2 Crisis Responses in Political Interviews
	10.3 Cases Studies: A European Union Perspective
		10.3.1 Case Study 1: Accommodating Strategies
		10.3.2 Case Study 2: Defensive Strategies
	10.4 Conclusion
	References
11 The Finnish “Famous Five” in Television Interviews: Cultural Characteristics of Party Leaders’ Response Style
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Communication Styles of Finnish Politicians on Television
	11.3 The Functional Theory of Campaign Discourse
	11.4 Gender and Image in Finnish Politics
	11.5 Aim and Method of the Study
	11.6 Results
		11.6.1 Time-Orientation in the Responses
		11.6.2 Functions of Responses
		11.6.3 Combining the Models
		11.6.4 Communication Styles of Party Leaders
	11.7 Discussion
	References
12 A Linguistic Analysis of Interviewing Discourse During a Talk Show in the U.K.
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 The TV Political Interview as a Mediatized Genre
	12.3 The Corpus
	12.4 The Methods
		12.4.1 What Is Stance? The Case of Stance Adverbs
	12.5 The Corpus-Driven Investigation
		12.5.1 Interviewers
		12.5.2 Interviewees
	12.6 A Close-up on Stance Adverbs
		12.6.1 Epistemic Stance Adverbs
	12.7 Wrap-up
	References
13 Reference Statements and Quotes as Communication Strategy: Effects of Source Use During Japanese Televised Political Interviews
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Methodology
		13.2.1 The Interviews
		13.2.2 Procedure
		13.2.3 Coding
	13.3 Results
		13.3.1 Internal and External Sources
		13.3.2 External Sources
		13.3.3 Tendencies Among the Different Groups
		13.3.4 The Effect of Sources
	13.4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Part III Creating and Shaping Images in Interviews with Populist Politicians
14 Adversarial Rhetoric or Lapdog Journalism? Political Interviews During the 2018 Brazilian Presidential Elections
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Literature Review
		14.2.1 Journalistic Interviews
		14.2.2 Interviews with Presidential Candidates on Roda Viva
	14.3 Methodology and Data Collection
	14.4 Results
		14.4.1 Interviewers’ Profile
		14.4.2 Interview Dynamic
		14.4.3 The Role of the Moderator
		14.4.4 Mentions of Competing Candidates
	14.5 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
15 Pejoration in Political Interviews: Contrasting U.S. President Donald J. Trump with Venezuela President Nicolás Maduro
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Pejoration
	15.3 Methodology
	15.4 Results
		15.4.1 President Trump (TR)
		15.4.2 President Maduro (MA)
		15.4.3 President Trump and President Maduro Compared
	15.5 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
16 Sustaining a Populist Persona: CNN Philippines’ Political Interview with President Rodrigo Roa Duterte as Image Restoration
	16.1 Introduction
		16.1.1 Benoit’s Image Restoration Theory and the Crafting of a Populist Persona
	16.2 Method and the Case Under Investigation
	16.3 A Critical Analysis of Duterte’s Interview
		16.3.1 Repudiating the Political Other
		16.3.2 Bolstering the Presidential Persona
		16.3.3 Making Excuses for a Foreign Ally
		16.3.4 Reaffirming the Populist Appeal
	16.4 Discussion
	16.5 Conclusions
	References
17 Understanding Turkish Political Culture Through Televised Interviews: The Case of President Recep Tayyip Erdoǧan
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Media and Political Culture in Turkey
		17.2.1 Setting the Context: Changes in Media Structure and Its Effects on Journalism
		17.2.2 Politicians on Television
	17.3 Conceptual Frame
	17.4 Method and the Interview Setting Background
	17.5 Findings
		17.5.1 Questions and Replies
		17.5.2 Turn Taking and Sequence
	17.6 Conclusion
	References
18 The Role of Political Interviews in Mainstreaming and Normalizing the Far-Right: A View from Australia
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 The Media, Populism and the Far-Right
		18.2.1 Pauline Hanson and the Australian Media: A Love/Hate Relationship
		18.2.2 Political Interviews: Strategies for Dealing with the Far-Right
	18.3 Research Approach
	18.4 Case Studies
		18.4.1 Interview One: Humanization and Accommodation
		18.4.2 Interview Two: Confrontational and Deferential
		18.4.3 Interview Three: Adversarial and Confrontational
	18.5 Discussion and Practical Recommendations
	References
Part IV Coda: The Past, Present, and Future of Television Interview Studies
19 Political Interviewing Research: Commonalities, Contrasts, Conclusions & Critiques
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Commonalities and Contrasts
	19.3 Methodological Critiques
		19.3.1 Do Televised Political Interviews Influence Anyone?
	19.4 Towards Future Research
		19.4.1 Social Media and the Future of TV Political Interviews
		19.4.2 Methodologies of Future Audience Research
		19.4.3 Culture and Media Economics
		19.4.4 The Interviewing Journalist as Celebrity
		19.4.5 Political Environment and Interviewee Socio-demographics
	19.5 Coda
	References
Index