Advances in Synthesis Gas: Methods, Technologies and Applications, Volume 2: Syngas Purification and Separation

Advances in Synthesis Gas: Methods, Technologies and Applications
Contributors
Copyright
Preface
Reviewer Acknowledgments
About the Editors
Characteristics of syngas impurities; Physical and chemical properties
	Introduction
	Syngas impurities
	Properties of syngas impurities
	Purification technologies
		Acid gas removal (AGR) processes
			H2S and CO2 removal
				Physical absorption processes
				Chemical absorption processes
				Adsorption processes
			COS removal
			Trace contaminants removal
		Nitrogen containing compounds removal
			HCN removal
			N2 removal
			NH3 removal
		HCl removal
		Hg removal
		Alkalis and heavy metals
		Tar removal
	Conclusion
	Abbreviations and symbols
	References
Syngas purification by common solvents
	Introduction
	Basic concepts of syngas purification by common solvents
	Commercially available solvents for syngas purification
		Amines
		Hot potassium carbonate
		Chilled ammonia
		Physical solvents
		Ionic liquids
	Process integration approaches for enhanced performance
	Effect of the technology selection on the overall efficiency of an ammonia production plant
	Conclusion and future outlook
	Selected stream properties in the chemical and physical absorption-based syngas purification units
Syngas purification by ionic liquids and DESs
	Introduction
	Overview of impurities
	Properties of IL and DES useful for syngas cleanup
		Properties of ionic liquids involved in carbon capture
		Properties of deep eutectic solvents involved in carbon capture
		Usage of predictive models for choosing IL
		Poly ionic liquid membrane structures for purifying syngas
		Dehydration of syngas using ILS
		The development of des structures from IL for syngas purification
		Common DES structures
		Carbon dioxide solubility and separation efficiency by DES
		DES for removal of SO2 from syngas
		Influence of parameters on DES performance for syngas purification
			Influence of hydrogen bond donor on gas solubility
			Influence of hydrogen bond acceptor on gas solubility
		DES-based supported liquid membranes
			Overall membrane performance and effect of operating temperature
			Effect of CO2 concentration in feed stream
	Conclusion and future outlook
Syngas purification by modified solvents with nanoparticles
	Introduction
		Syngas production and purification
	The process of gas purification: An overview
	Solvent-based gas purification
		Mixtures of amines in various types (I, II, III)
		Activation of amine using piperazine
		A brief on nanofluid in absorbing solvent
	Methods of nanofluid production
		Direct
		Indirect
	Nanotechnology and syngas purification
	Nano-enhanced solvents
	Advanced nano-solvents in gas purification
	Conceptual design of syngas purification
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
Chapter 5: Swing technologies for syngas purification
	1. Introduction
	2. Syngas purification
		2.1. Adsorption technologies
			2.1.1. Swing adsorption technologies
			2.1.2. Adsorbents for syngas purification
		2.2. Temperature-swing and pressure-swing absorption technologies
			2.2.1. Temperature-swing chemical absorption technologies
			2.2.2. Pressure-swing and temperature-swing physical absorption technologies
	3. Case study of syngas purification via temperature-swing absorption: Gas-to-wire with pre-combustion carbon capture
		3.1. Technical background
		3.2. ATR-GTW-CCS with aqueous-MEA temperature-swing absorption
			3.2.1. Natural gas reforming plant
			3.2.2. Pre-combustion capture and CO2 compression
			3.2.3. Hydrogen combined cycle
			3.2.4. Cooling-water system
		3.3. ATR-GTW-CCS with temperature-swing ionic-liquid absorption
			3.3.1. Thermodynamic modeling of ionic-liquid [Bmim][NTf2] systems
			3.3.2. IL case: Design and simulation
		3.4. Technical performance of ATR-GTW-CCS: MEA case and IL case
		3.5. Economic performance
	4. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Metal oxide adsorbents for efficient CO2 removal from syngas
	Introduction
	CO2 capture from syngas
	Metal oxides adsorbents for CO2 capture from syngas
		CaO-based adsorbents
			CaO-based chemical looping gasification (CaO-based CLG)
			Pyrolysis coupled with sorption-enhanced catalytic steam reforming
			Calcium looping integrated reforming of methane
		MgO-based adsorbents
	Conclusion and future outlook
	References
Zeolites and molecular frameworks for adsorption-based syngas purification
	Introduction
	The syngas impurities and their purification
		A brief overview of syngas production and impurities
		Primary impurities and their purifications
		Secondary impurities and their purification
		CO2 separation from syngas
		H2 as a targeted end product
		PSA and related methods
	Adsorption-based syngas purification/separation
		Basics of adsorption technology
		Design and selection of molecular sieving adsorbents
			Zeolitic materials: Description and properties
			Molecular frameworks: Description and properties
		Syngas cleanup with molecular sieving adsorbents
			Zeolite-based adsorbents in syngas-related purifications
			Molecular framework adsorbents in syngas-related purifications
	Conclusion and future outlook
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Further reading
Activated carbon for syngas purification
	Introduction
	Description of syngas contaminants
		Particulate matter
		Tars
		Sulfur
		Nitrogen compounds (NH3 and HCN)
		Alkali compounds
		Chlorine
	Cleaning techniques
	Activated carbons
	Application of activated carbon for syngas purification
	Conclusion
	Abbreviations and symbols
	References
Ionic liquid membranes for syngas purification
	Introduction
	Syngas impurities
	Membrane technology for syngas purification
	Ionic liquid membrane technology for syngas purification
		Supported IL membranes
		IL composite polymer membranes
		Poly(ionic liquid)s membranes
		IL gel membranes
		IL composite mixed matrix membranes
	Conclusion
	Abbreviations and symbols
	References
Polymeric membranes for syngas purification
	Introduction
	Membranes for syngas purification
		Inorganic membranes
		Polymeric membranes (organic membranes)
		Hybrid membranes
	Polymeric membranes for syngas purification
		Gas transport in polymeric membranes
			Solution-diffusion transport mechanism
			Facilitated transport mechanism
		Solution-diffusion polymeric membranes for syngas purification
			PEO-based membranes
			Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs)
			Perfluoropolymers
			Iptycene-containing polymers
			Thermally rearranged (TR) polymers
		Facilitated transport polymeric membranes for syngas purification
			Amine-containing membranes
				Synthesis of cross-linked PVA-based facilitated transport membranes
				Separation performance of cross-Linked PVA-based membranes
				Feed pressure effects on syngas purification with cross-linked PVA-based membranes
				Temperature effects on syngas purification with cross-linked PVA-based membranes
				Membrane thickness effects on syngas purification with cross-linked PVA-based membranes
				Membrane composition effects on syngas purification with cross-linked PVA-based membranes
			Other carriers for facilitated transport membranes
		Polymeric membrane flow schemes for syngas purification
		Hydrogen sulfide removal from syngas
	Conclusion and future outlook
	Abbreviations and symbols
	References
MOF mixed matrix membranes for syngas purification
	Introduction
	Membrane technology
		Isotropic microporous membranes
		Nonporous dense membranes
		Electrically charged membranes
		Asymmetric membranes
		Ceramic, metal, and liquid membranes
	Mixed matrix membranes
	Metal-organic framework
	Membrane applications
	Applications of MOF MMMs for syngas purification
	Conclusion
	Abbreviations and symbols
	References
Dense metal membranes for syngas purification
	Introduction
	Syngas production and purification
	Membrane technology
	Dense metal membranes
		Problems associated with palladium membranes
	WGS reaction for the syngas upgrading in dense membrane reactors
	Conclusion
	Abbreviations and symbols
	References
Molecular sieving membrane development for syngas purification
	Introduction
	The fundamentals of molecular sieving membranes
		Gas transport mechanisms of porous membranes
		Fabrication of molecular sieving membranes
			Zeolitic and reticular membranes
			Nanosheet-based laminate membranes
	Syngas purification by molecular sieving membranes
		Performance of zeolitic and reticular membranes
		Performance of laminate membranes
	Conclusion and future outlook
	Acknowledgments
	References
Particulates separation technologies for syngas purification
	Introduction
	Particulate: Definition, classification, formation, and composition
	Quantity and limits
	Particulate separation technologies classification and performance indicators
		Low-temperature methods
			Scrubbers
		Mid-high temperature methods
			Bag and sand filters
			Electrostatic precipitators
		High-temperature methods
			Cyclones
			Hot gas filtration
			Metallic filters
			Ceramic filters
			Back-pulsing system
			Catalytic ceramic candles
	Conclusion
	References
Plasma technology for syngas cleaning
	Introduction
		Tar formation
		Current technologies for the removal of tars from syngas
		Tar reforming through nonthermal plasma technology
	Different types of plasma
		Dielectric barrier discharge
		Gliding arc discharge
		Microwave plasma discharges
		Corona discharge
	Influence of process parameters on the plasma performance
		Influence of input power
		Influence of gas flow rate
		Influence of steam addition
		Influence of tar concentration
		Influence of CO2 addition
	Plasma-catalytic reforming of tars
		Principles of plasma catalysis
		Catalysts for tars reforming
	Integration of biomass gasification and plasma syngas cleaning (excluding technoeconomic analysis)
	Conclusion and future outlook
	References
Thermal and oxidation processes for tar removal from syngas
	Introduction
	Thermal cracking
		Char-based catalysts
		Metal-based catalysts
			Ni-based alloy catalysts
			Non-Ni metal-based catalysts
		Preparation methods
		Operation parameters
	Oxidation and chemical looping
		Single-metal oxides
		Bimetallic oxides
		Metal ferrites
		Operation parameters
	Catalytic reforming
		Architecture design
		Oxygen effect
		Metal segregation from S species
		Surface engineering
		Metal-support interaction (MSI)
	Conclusion
	References
Index