Advances in Reliability and Maintainability Methods and Engineering Applications: Essays in Honor of Professor Hong-Zhong Huang on his 60th Birthday

Foreword
Preface
Biography of Prof. Hong-Zhong Huang
Congratulatory Remarks
Congratulatory Remarks
Congratulatory Remarks
Congratulatory Remarks
Congratulatory Remarks
Congratulatory Remarks
Contents
Reliability Modelling,  Analysis, and Design Optimization
Multi-criteria Based Selection of Ship-Based Ballast Water Treatment Technologies
	1 Introduction
	2 Background to the Research
	3 A Proposed Model for Selecting the Best Ballast Water Treatment System
		3.1 Identification of Evaluation Criteria
		3.2 Identification of Decision-Making Alternatives
		3.3 Determination of Importance Weights of Decision Alternatives Using AHP
		3.4 Application of Fuzzy-TOPSIS Approach to Obtain Performance Rating of Decision Alternatives
	4 Application of Methodology to a Test Scenario
		4.1 Construction of a Fuzzy-TOPSIS Decision Matrix
		4.2 Normalisation of Fuzzy Decision Matrix
		4.3 Construction of Weighted Normalised Fuzzy-Decision Matrix
		4.4 Determination of the Fuzzy Positive Ideal Reference Point (FPIRP) and Fuzzy Negative Ideal Reference Point (FNIRP)
		4.5 Obtain Closeness Co-efficient and Ranking of Alternatives
	5 Results and Validation of Model
	6 Conclusion
	References
A Two-Phase Sampling Approach for Reliability-Based Optimization in Structural Engineering
	1 Introduction
	2 Reliability-Based Optimization
		2.1 Formulation
		2.2 First-Passage Probabilities
	3 Two-Phase Sampling Approach
		3.1 Underlying Idea
		3.2 Sequence of Intermediate Distributions
		3.3 Exploration Phase
		3.4 Exploitation Phase
		3.5 Remarks
	4 Implementation Aspects
		4.1 Transitional Markov Chain Monte Carlo Method
		4.2 Proposal Distribution
		4.3 Adaptive Surrogate Model
		4.4 Parallelization Features
	5 Application Examples
		5.1 Example 1
		5.2 Example 2
		5.3 Example 3
	6 Conclusions
	References
Moment Estimation-Based Method of Motion Accuracy Reliability Analysis for Industrial Robots
	1 Introduction
	2 Kinematic Accuracy Reliability Analysis
		2.1 Problem Statement
		2.2 Kinematic Reliability Analysis Method
		2.3 Demonstrative Kinematic Examples
	3 Dynamic Accuracy Reliability Analysis
		3.1 Problem Statement
		3.2 Dynamic Reliability Analysis Method
		3.3 Demonstrative Dynamic Example
	4 Conclusions
	References
Reliability of Wireless Body Area Networks
	1 Introduction
	2 WBAN Components and Dependent Relationship
	3 Related Work on WBAN Reliability
		3.1 Reliability Modeling and Analysis of WBANs
		3.2 Reliability Design for WBANs
	4 Reliability Model Considering PFD
	5 Case Study
		5.1 System Description
		5.2 Reliability Analysis
	6 Summary
	References
Sensitivity Estimation of Markov Reward Models and Its Applications to Component Importance Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Preliminaries
		3.1 Continuous-Time Markov Chain
		3.2 Markov Reward Model
		3.3 Parametric Sensitivity of MRMs
	4 Sensitivity Estimation Method
	5 Component Importance Analysis for MRMs
		5.1 Birnbaum Importance Measure
		5.2 Criticality Importance Measure
		5.3 Upgrading Function
	6 Numerical Examples
		6.1 Two-Unit Hot Standby System
		6.2 Triple Modular Redundancy System
		6.3 1-Out-of-3 System
	7 Summary
	References
Failure Rate Modeling of Mechanical Components and Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Load Order Statistics and Stress-Strength Based Failure Rate Modeling
	3 Failure Rate Modeling Based on the Definition with Discrete Time Variable
	4 Effect of Load/Strength Dispersion on Failure Rate
	5 Strength Degradation Effect on Failure Rate
	6 Mechanism to Yield Failure Rate Curve of Roller Coaster Shape
	7 Conclusion
	References
Statistical Reliability Modeling and Analysis for Repairable Systems with Bathtub-Shaped Intensity Function
	1 Introduction
	2 Nonhomogeneous Poisson Process Model
		2.1 Monotonic Failure Intensity Model
		2.2 Non-monotonic Failure Intensity Model
	3 Superposed Log-Linear Process for Bathtub-Shaped Intensity
		3.1 Maximum Likelihood Estimation
		3.2 Analysis of Artillery Repair Data
	4 Mixed-Effects NHPP Model
		4.1 Mixed-Effects NHPP Model Without Covariates
		4.2 Mixed-Effects NHPP Model with Covariates
		4.3 Estimation of Parameters in Mixed-Effects NHPP Model
		4.4 Application of Mixed-Effects NHPP Model to Artillery Repair Data
	5 Conclusions
	References
Multi-state Signatures for Multi-state Systems with Binary/Multi-state Components
	1 Motivation
	2 Introduction
		2.1 Signature Related Concepts
		2.2 Properties of Signatures
		2.3 Computational Methods for Signatures
		2.4 Multi-state Signatures for Multi-state Systems
	3 Multi-state Signature Concepts
	4 Properties of Multi-state Signatures
		4.1 Multi-state Signature
		4.2 Multi-state Joint Signature
		4.3 Dynamic Multi-state Signature
		4.4 Ordered Multi-state Signature
		4.5 Multi-state Survival Signature
	5 Comparisons of Multi-state Systems of Different Sizes
		5.1 Multi-state Systems of Sizes mm and m plus 1m + 1
		5.2 Multi-state Systems of Sizes mm and m plus lm + l
	6 Multi-state Systems Based on a Structure of Modules
		6.1 Series Structure of Modules
		6.2 Parallel Structure of Modules
		6.3 Recurrent Structure of Modules
	7 Illustrative Examples
	8 Concluding Remarks
	References
Comprehensive Reliability of Aircraft Actuation System
	1 Main Properties of Aircraft Actuation Systems
	2 Introduction of Aircraft Actuators
		2.1 Hydraulic Actuator (HA)
		2.2 Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator (EHA) [8]
		2.3 HA/EHA System
	3 Reliability of A380 Aircraft Actuation Systems
		3.1 A380 Aircraft Characteristics
		3.2 Reliability Assessment Based on Probability Theory
		3.3 Comprehensive Reliability of Actuation System
	4 Conclusions
	References
Integration of Reliability Design, Installed Base, and After-Sales Services for System Availability
	1 Introduction
	2 The State-of-the-Art
	3 Reliability-Maintenance-Inventory Integration
		3.1 Best Practice of Product-Service Offering
		3.2 Modeling Reliability-Maintenance-Inventory Integration
		3.3 Repair and Renewing Queues Under Poisson Demand
		3.4 Repair and Renewing Queues for Non-Markovian Process
	4 Spares Demand Under Preventive Maintenance
		4.1 Aggregate Fleet Spare Parts Demand
		4.2 Mean Time Between Consecutive Failures
		4.3 Mean Time Between Consecutive Planned Replacements
		4.4 Demand Characterization Using Simulation
	5 Spare Parts Demand Under a Growing Installed Base
		5.1 Relation Between Parts Demand and Installed Base
		5.2 Cumulative Spare Parts Demand Model
		5.3 Lead Time Spare Parts Demand Model
	6 Lead Time Demand Analysis Using Simulation
	7 System Availability with Reliability- Maintenance-Inventory Integration
		7.1 Single-Item System Availability
		7.2 Redundant System Availability
		7.3 Numerical Experiment
	8 Conclusion
	References
Use of Artificial Neural Networks to Enhance Container Port Safety Analysis Under Uncertainty
	1 Introduction
	2 Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Algorithms of Modelling Performance Criteria
		3.2 Algorithms of Modelling Assessment Criteria
		3.3 Development of ANN Modelling in Maritime Ports
		3.4 Experimental Data Processing
	4 The ANN Model to Simulate FRBN for Risk Analysis of HE in Container Ports
		4.1 ED Analysis of FRBN-ANN
		4.2 Optimisation of the FRBN-ANN Model
		4.3 Results Validation
	5 The ANN Model Design to Simulate the Use of FER in Port Safety Evaluation
		5.1 ED Analysis of FER-ANN
		5.2 ANNs Model Optimisation
		5.3 Results Validation
	6 Implications
	7 Conclusion
	References
Maintenance Optimization and Warranty Policy
Usage of Failure Time and Repair Time for Optimization of Maintenance and Warranty Policy and Lemon Law Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Two-Dimensional Minimal Repair-Replacement Warranty Model
		2.1 Assumptions and Notations
		2.2 Renewable Minimal Repair and Replacement
	3 Optimal Warranty Policy from the Manufacturer’s Perspective
		3.1 Preventive Maintenance During Warranty Period
		3.2 Optimal Length of Warranty Period Under Renewable MRR Model
		3.3 Optimal PM Period Under Renewable MRR Model
	4 Optimal Post-Warranty Maintenance Strategy from the user’s Perspective
		4.1 Optimization of Post-Warranty Maintenance Period Under Renewable MRR Warranty
		4.2 Optimization of Post-Warranty PM Period Under Renewable MRR Warranty
	5 Optimization of Two-Dimensional Warranty Based on Age and Usage with Lemon Law Application
		5.1 Description of Lemon Law
		5.2 Prior Works Related to Lemon Law
		5.3 Optimization of Warranty and Refund Policy with Lemon Law Application
	6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Reliability and Opportunistic Maintenance of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines
	1 Introduction
	2 Failure Identification and Prevention
		2.1 Potential Failure Determination
		2.2 Critical Failure Identification
		2.3 Failure Behaviours and Failure Preventions
	3 Failure Data Correction and Reliability Analysis
		3.1 Failure Rate Correction
		3.2 Reliability Analysis
	4 Opportunistic Maintenance Strategy Planning
		4.1 Maintenance Actions and Times
		4.2 Opportunistic Maintenance
	5 Conclusion
	Appendix: Failure modes and causes of the floating offshore wind turbine [8]
	References
A Summary of Inspection Policies of One Shot Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 One Shot Systems
	3 Storage Reliability (Availability) of One Shot Systems
		3.1 Instantaneous Availability for a Single- Unit One Shot System
		3.2 Interval Availability for a Multi-Unit One Shot System
	4 Inspection Policies of a Single One Shot System
		4.1 Optimal Inspection Policies for Single-Unit One Shot Systems
		4.2 Optimal Inspection Policies for Multiple Units One Shot Systems
	5 Conclusions and Further Studies
	References
Analysis for Influence of Maintenance and Manufacturing Quality on Reliability of Repairable Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Concepts of Different Ages
		2.1 System Age, Technology Age and Maintenance Experience Measure
		2.2 A Real-World Example
	3 Mean Cumulative Function of a Failure Point Process
		3.1 Non-Parametric MCF Estimator
		3.2 Failure Intensity Function and Life Characteristics
		3.3 Illustration
	4 Cluster Analysis and Change Point
		4.1 Cluster Analysis for a Monotonic Dataset
		4.2 Cluster Analysis for a Non-Monotonic Dataset
		4.3 Summary
	5 Analysis for Influence of Maintenance Quality on Reliability
		5.1 Evaluation for Quality of Minimal Repairs
		5.2 Evaluation of Repair Quality Improvement
		5.3 Evaluation of Overhaul Quality
		5.4 Optimization of Overhaul Time
		5.5 Summary
	6 Analysis for Influence of Manufacturing Quality on Reliability
		6.1 Analysis for Possible Reliability Improvement Due to Technology Upgrade
		6.2 Analysis for Possible Manufacturing Quality Improvement
		6.3 Summary
	7 Conclusions
	References
Quantification of Uncertainty of Warranty Claims
	1 Introduction
	2 Warranty Claim Process and Uncertainty
		2.1 The Uncertainty of Warranty Claims on Hardware
		2.2 The Uncertainty of Warranty Claims on Software
		2.3 Summary
	3 Measuring the Uncertainty
	4 Conclusion
	References
Prognostics and Health Management
Manufacturing Paradigm-Oriented PHM Methodologies for Cyber-Physical Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 A Systematical Framework of PHM Methodologies
	3 WFRGM Algorithm for Machine Health Prognosis
	4 MAM Method for Machine-Level Maintenance Scheduling
	5 Opportunistic Maintenance for Various Cyber-Physical Systems
		5.1 MTW Policy for Complex Flow-Line System
		5.2 APB Policy for Mass Customization System
		5.3 RMTW Policy for Reconfigurable Manufacturing System
	6 Case Study of PHM Methodologies
		6.1 Effectiveness of WFRGM Algorithm
		6.2 Effectiveness of MAM Method
		6.3 Effectiveness of MTW Policy
		6.4 Effectiveness of APB Policy
		6.5 Effectiveness of RMTW Policy
	7 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
Degradation Modeling and Residual Life Prediction Based on Nonlinear Wiener Process
	1 Introduction
	2 Degradation Modeling and Residual Life Prediction with a Univariate Nonlinear Wiener Process
		2.1 Degradation Modeling
		2.2 Degradation Model Updating
		2.3 Residual Life Prediction
		2.4 Parameters Estimation
		2.5 Degradation Modeling and Residual Life Prediction with a Multivariate Nonlinear Wiener Process
		2.6 Degradation Modeling
		2.7 Degradation Model Updating
		2.8 Residual Life Prediction
		2.9 Parameters Estimation
	3 Illustrative Examples
		3.1 Illustrative Example for the Univariate Nonlinear Wiener Process
		3.2 Illustrative Example for the Multivariate Nonlinear Wiener Process
	4 Summary
	References
System Reliability Models with Dependent Degradation Processes
	1 General Degradation Processes
		1.1 Dependency in Reliability Models
	2 Markov Chain in Multistate Degrading System
	3 Shared Shock Exposure Models
	4 Joint Function of Degradation Paths
	5 Dependent Random Effects Stochastic Process
	6 Conclusion
	References
A Study of Health State Transitions for Proactive Health Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Assumptions
	3 Modelling and Analyses
	4 Sensitivity Analyses on Parameters
	5 Numerical Example
	6 Conclusion
	References
Kalman Filter-Based Systems Approach for Prognostics and Health Management of Electric Motors
	1 Introduction
	2 Systems Approach for PHM
	3 Simulation Study
		3.1 Problem Statement
		3.2 Simulation of Component Degradation
		3.3 Application of Physics-Based Approach
	4 Case Study 1: Reaction Wheel Motor in Satellites
		4.1 Problem Definition
		4.2 Experimental Setup
		4.3 Application of the Systems Approach
		4.4 Application Results
	5 Case Study 2: Driving Motors in Quadcopters
		5.1 Problem Definition
		5.2 Experimental Setup
		5.3 Application of the Systems Approach
		5.4 Application Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Exploratory Fault Detection with Multivariate Data: A Case Study on Engine Bearing
	1 Introduction
	2 Exploratory Data Analysis
	3 The Statistical Framework
	4 Conclusion
	References
Novel Approach to Prognostics and Health Management to Combine Reliability and Process Optimisation
	1 Introduction
	2 Prognostics and Health Management
	3 Data-Based Approaches to PHM
	4 Digital Twin as PHM Support
	5 Predictive Maintenance of Machine Tool System Combining Process Optimization
	6 Conclusions
	References
Review Paper
Current Status and Prospects of Reliability Systems Engineering in China
	1 Introduction
	2 Development of RSE
		2.1 History of RSE
		2.2 Technological Framework of RSE
	3 Conceptual and Operational Model of MBRSE
		3.1 Connotative, Features and Conceptual Models of MBRSE
		3.2 Data and Information Sharing Mechanism and Process Control Mechanism of MBRSE
		3.3 V-Model-Based Operation Model of MBRSE
		3.4 MBRSE Model Evolution Process
	4 Crucial Technology for MBRSE Operation
		4.1 Synthetic GQC Requirement Determination Based on Effectiveness Simulation
		4.2 Model-Driven Comprehensive GQC Design
		4.3 Multilevel GQC Verification Combined with Practical Experiments and Virtual Simulations
		4.4 Operation and Maintenance Using PHM as the Core During Operation
		4.5 Multithread Closed-Loop Process Management
	5 MBRSE Platform and Reliability Digital Twin (RDT)
		5.1 MBRSE Platform
		5.2 RDT
	6 Concluding Remarks and Outlook
	References
Professor Hong-Zhong Huang’s Selected Journal Papers