Advances in Parasitology, Volume 117

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Advances in Parasitology
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Contents
Contributors
Chapter One: The microscopic five of the big five: Managing zoonotic diseases within and beyond African wildlife protecte ...
	1. Introduction
	2. The `Microscopic Five
		2.1. Bovine tuberculosis
		2.2. Rift Valley fever
		2.3. Brucellosis
		2.4. Cryptosporidiosis
		2.5. Schistosomiasis
	3. Challenges of BTb control at the wildlife-livestock interface: The South African case study
		3.1. Control in livestock
		3.2. Control in wildlife
	4. Drivers of disease: The Kruger National Park case study
		4.1. Past and present disease management
		4.2. Kruger National Park´s current adaptive management approach
		4.3. Environmental drivers of disease transmission
			4.3.1. Spatial heterogeneity and the north/south divide
			4.3.2. Climate change and severe weather events
			4.3.3. Water sources
			4.3.4. Reservoir hosts
			4.3.5. Co-infections
		4.4. Anthropogenic drivers of disease transmission: Wildlife-livestock-human interface
			4.4.1. Permeability of wildlife fences
			4.4.2. Edge effects
			4.4.3. Transfrontier conservation areas
			4.4.4. Neighbouring game farms and private reserves
			4.4.5. Human-wildlife conflicts and illegal wildlife trade
	5. Disease knowledge gaps and lessons learnt from African protected areas
	6. Communities and conservation
	7. Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter Two: Improving translational power in antischistosomal drug discovery
	1. Filling the drug pipeline for schistosomiasis
	2. Evaluating the importance of S. mansoni isolate origin for early antischistosomal drug discovery
	3. The S. mansoni mouse model for drug efficacy testing
	4. Infection intensity of the patent S. mansoni mouse model
	5. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship of selected drugs
		5.1. No correlation between praziquantel exposure and in vivo efficacy
		5.2. Chronic S. mansoni infection influences exposure parameters of drugs
		5.3. Prolonged drug exposure well above in vitro potency not always correlates with good in vivo efficacy
		5.4. Special cases
	6. Concluding remarks
	Acknowledgements and funding
	References
Chapter Three: Unique thiol metabolism in trypanosomatids: Redox homeostasis and drug resistance
	1. Introduction
	2. Trypanothione metabolism
		2.1. Properties of trypanothione
		2.2. Biosynthesis of trypanothione
			2.2.1. Trypanothione synthetase
			2.2.2. Trypanothione reductase
		2.3. Functions of trypanothione
			2.3.1. Trypanothione pathway
	3. Effector proteins of the antioxidant defence: Old and new actors
		3.1. Antioxidant defence system
		3.2. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
		3.3. Sources and protection of ROS and RNS in parasites
		3.4. Tryparedoxin
			3.4.1. Tryparedoxin peroxidase
		3.5. Superoxide dismutase
		3.6. Ascorbate peroxidase
		3.7. Glutathione S-transferase
		3.8. Glutaredoxins
	4. Trypanothione metabolism is linked to cysteine, polyamine, and pentose phosphate pathway
		4.1. Cysteine biosynthesis pathway
		4.2. Polyamine pathway
		4.3. Pentose phosphate pathway
	5. The role of redox active compounds and their mechanism in parasites survival
		5.1. Glutathione
		5.2. Trypanothione
		5.3. Ovothiol
		5.4. Cysteine
		5.5. Non-sulphur reactive intermediates
			5.5.1. Hydrogen peroxide
			5.5.2. Nitric oxide
	6. Role of thiol metabolism in drug resistance
		6.1. Up-regulation of trypanothione synthase and reductase
		6.2. Up-regulation of tryparedoxin, tryparedoxin peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase
		6.3. Up-regulation of cysteine synthase
	7. Anti-parasitic potential of molecules targeted against redox metabolism
	8. Unsolved questions and future prospects
	Acknowledgements
	Declaration of author´s conflicts of interests
	References
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