Advances in Ophthalmology and Optometry, 2022 (Volume 7-1) (Advances, Volume 7-1)

ADVANCES IN Ophthalmology and Optometry
Copyright
Editor-in-Chief
	Editors
Contributors
Outline placeholder
	Preface
	Optometry
		Bioptic Driving in the United States
	The Use of B-Scan Ultrasound in Primary Eye Care
	Nonsurgical Treatment of Strabismus
	Pediatric
		Update on Pediatric Optic Neuritis
	Genetics of Congenital Cataract
	Pediatric Graft-Versus-Host Disease
	Ophthalmic Pathology & Ocular Oncology
		Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Ocular Oncology
	Intra-arterial Chemotherapy for Retinoblastoma: An Update
	Advances in Pediatric Periocular Vascular Neoplasms
	Cataract & Refractive Surgery
		Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery
	Advanced Technology Intraocular Lenses
	Vitreoretinal Disease
		Diagnostic and Treatment Considerations for Macular Holes
	Peripheral Retinal Degenerations and Treatment Options
	Update on Retinal and Ocular Imaging
	Glaucoma
		30-Gauge Needle in Glaucoma/Anterior Segment Management
	Neuro-ophthalmology
		Screening for Plaquenil
		Update on Optic Neuritis in Adults: Multiple Sclerosis, Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder, and Myelin Oligodendrocyte  ...
		Efficacy and Safety of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Ocular Manifestations in Giant Cell Arteritis
		Coronavirus Disease 2019–Related Health Disparities in Ophthalmology with a Retrospective Analysis at a Large Academic Publ ...
	Cornea and External Diseases
		Stepwise Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Dry Eye and Ocular Surface Disease
	Update on the Classification and Management of Corneal Dystrophies
	Surgical Management of the Aphakic Eye
	Oculoplastics
		Teprotumumab: A Major Advance in the Treatment of Thyroid Eye Disease Management
		Diagnosis and Management of Irritated Eyelids
	Uveitis
		Uveitic Glaucoma
		Solo Private Practice Journey
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	Looking Backward and Forward
Bioptic Driving in the United States
	Introduction
	History of bioptics and driving in the United States
		A legal pathway for bioptic driving
	Controversies and research in bioptic driving
		Wearing the bioptic only to obtain licensure
		Ring scotoma of the telescope
		Bioptic driving safety
	Bioptics in the United States
		Visual acuities
		Visual fields
		Bioptic training
		Nighttime driving
		Bioptic telescope requirements
	Ocular conditions and ability to drive
	Other factors in patient selection for bioptic driving
		Visual processing skills and cognitive abilities
		Motor skills and functioning
		Age and maturity
		Medical and medication history
		Emotional/mental status
		Family support
	Designing the bioptic system
		Power and position of the telescope
		Field of view through the telescope
		Adaptability of the bioptic for light and glare issues
	Training the bioptic driver
		Training to use the bioptic
		Training with the certified driver rehabilitation specialist
		After bioptic licensure
	Vehicle modifications for bioptic drivers
		Vehicle selection
		Global positioning systems
		Speedometer
		Windshield and dash glare
	The Indiana program for visually impaired drivers
		1: waivered drivers
		2: bioptic drivers
	The faces of bioptic driving
		Dr. Dennis Kelleher: first legally licensed bioptic driver in the United States
	Future research in bioptic driving
	Summary
	Clinics care points
		Disclosure
		References
The Use of B-Scan Ultrasound in Primary Eye Care
	Introduction
	Indications and contraindications
	Principles of B-scan ultrasound examination
		B-scan description
			Echogram
			Coupling gel
			Gain
		Probe positions and image interpretation
		Clinical examination principles
			Basic screening protocol
			Topographic evaluation of the lesion
			Limbus to fornix
	B-scan applications in clinical care
		Vitreous diseases
		Retinal diseases
		Choroidal diseases
		Optic nerve diseases
			Optic disc drusen
			Peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures
			Papilledema
			Optic nerve tumors
	Advances in ultrasonography
	Summary
	Clinics care points
	Disclosure
		References
Nonsurgical Treatment of Strabismus
	Introduction
	Significance/present relevance
		Esotropia
		Observation
		Lens correction
			Occlusion
			Prism correction
			Vision therapy/orthoptics
		Exotropia
		Observation
	Lenses
		Overminus lenses
		Occlusion
		Prism
		Vision therapy/orthoptics
	Summary
	Clinics care points
	Disclosure
		References
Update on Pediatric Optic Neuritis
	Introduction
	Significance
		Overview of pediatric optic neuritis
			Epidemiology
			Signs and symptoms
			Testing
			Visual outcomes
		Multiple sclerosis-associated optic neuritis
		Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disease optic neuritis
			Epidemiology
			Signs and symptoms
			Imaging
			Prognosis
			Management and treatment
		Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder optic neuritis
			Epidemiology
			Signs and symptoms
			Imaging
			Treatment and management
			Visual outcomes and prognosis
	Other causes of optic neuritis
		Relevance and future avenues to consider
	Summary
		Acknowledgments
		References
Genetics of Congenital Cataract
	Introduction
	Cause and classification
	Significance
	Nonsyndromic congenital cataract
		Crystallins
		Cytoskeletal structural proteins
		Membrane proteins
			Gap junctions
			Aquaporin-0/Major intrinsic protein (MIP)
			Lens intrinsic membrane protein-2
			Ephrin receptor A2 (EPHA2)
			Dynamin binding protein (DNMBP)
		Transcription factors
			FOXE3
			Pituitary homeobox 3 proteins
			Pituitary homeobox 3 proteins
	Syndromic congenital cataract
		Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)
		Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)
		Lowe syndrome
		Norrie disease
		Nance-horan syndrome
		Myotonic dystrophy 1
		Neurofibromatosis type 2
		Zellweger spectrum disorder
		Rothmund-thompson syndrome
		Cockayne syndrome
		Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis
		Galactosemia
	Acquired causes
		Congenital infections
		Trauma
	Other common causes of cataract in children
		Uveitic cataract and steroid-related cataract
		Radiation cataract
	Relevance
		Management of childhood cataract
			Genetic testing
			Multidisciplinary care
	Summary
	Clinics care points
		Disclosure
		References
Pediatric Graft-Versus-Host Disease
	Background
		Hematopoietic stem cell transplant
		Pathophysiology of systemic GVHD
		Incidence of Chronic GVHD
		Diagnosis and Classification of Systemic GVHD
		Grading of Systemic Disease Severity
		Risk Factors for Systemic GVHD
		Prognosis
		Ocular GVHD
			Clinical Presentation of Ocular GVHD
			Diagnosis of Ocular GVHD
			Grading of Ocular Disease Severity
			Pathophysiology and Histology of Ocular GVHD
			Risk Factors for Ocular GVHD
			Prevention and Screening of GVHD
		Mainstays and recent developments in therapy
			Systemic Treatment
			Local Treatment
			Lubrication
			Inflammation Control
			Evaporation Control
			Drainage Control
			Control of Epithelial Disease
			Refractory Cases
			Future trends
				Standardization of Guidelines
			Identification of Genetic Associations
			Discovery of cGVHD Biomarkers
			Novel Therapeutic Approaches
	Summary
	Clinics care points
	Disclosure
		References
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Ocular Oncology
	Introduction
	Significance of fluorescence in situ hybridization
		General Principle of Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
		Detailed Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Protocol for Tissue Sections
		Ocular lymphomas
		Uveal Melanomas
		Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
	Present relevance and future of fluorescence in situ hybridization
	Clinics care points
	Disclosure
		References
Intra-arterial Chemotherapy for Retinoblastoma
An Update
	Introduction
	History
	Intra-arterial chemotherapy terminology
	Procedure
	Intra-arterial chemotherapy drugs
	Significance of intra-arterial chemotherapy
	Complications of intra-arterial chemotherapy
		Local
		Systemic
	What’s new in intra-arterial chemotherapy?
		Treatment Approaches
		Drugs
		Patient profile
	Summary
	Clinics care points
		Disclosure
		References
Advances in Pediatric Periocular Vascular Neoplasms
	Introduction
	Significance
		Vascular tumors
		Vascular malformations
		Secondary orbital involvement
	Present relevance and future avenues to consider
	Summary
	Clinics care points
		Disclosure
		References
Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery
	Introduction
	Femtosecond laser technology
	Clear corneal incision
	Anterior capsulectomy
	Nuclear fragmentation
	Astigmatism management
	Summary
	Clinics care points
	Disclosure
		References
Advanced Technology Intraocular Lenses
	Introduction
	Significance
		Accommodative Lenses
		Multifocal Lenses
		Optical Side Effects in Multifocal Intraocular Lenses
		Extended-Vision Intraocular Lens
		Monofocal Intraocular Lenses with Increased Depth of Focus
		Light Adjustable Intraocular Lenses
		Phakic Intraocular Lenses
	Discussion, future considerations, and summary
	Clinics care points
		References
Diagnostic and Treatment Considerations for Macular Holes
	Introduction
	Significance
		Nonsurgical treatment
			Observation
			Cystoid dehydration
			Ocriplasmin
			Pneumatic vitreolysis
		Surgery
			Internal limiting membrane peel
			Internal limiting membrane staining
			Treatments for large (﹥400 μm) macular holes
				Temporal macular arcuate retinotomy
				Inverted internal limiting membrane flap
				Adjuvant therapy
				Laser photocoagulation
			Treatments for recurrent/recalcitrant macular holes
				Repeat surgery with internal limiting membrane repeel
				Radial retinal incisions
				Heavy silicone oil
				Cryopreserved human amniotic membrane transplant
			Retinal tamponade
			Postoperative positioning
			Surgical outcomes
				Efficacy
				Prognostic factors for successful surgery
				Surgical complications
				Cataract
				Retinal tears and detachments
				Visual field constriction
				Endophthalmitis
				Complications related to gas fill
	Present relevance and future avenues
		Topical agents
		Ocriplasmin
		Pneumatic vitreolysis
		Internal limiting membrane staining
		Glial plug after internal limiting membrane manipulation
		Intraoperative optical coherence tomography
		Autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation
		Autologous retinal transplantation
	Summary
	Clinical care points
	Disclosure
	Supplementary data
		References
Peripheral Retinal Degenerations and Treatment Options
	Introduction
	Benign lesions
		Peripheral retinal drusen
		Paving-stone (cobblestone) degeneration
		Retinal pigment epithelium hyperplasia
		Retinal pigment epithelium hypertrophy
		Peripheral cystoid degeneration
		Snowflake degeneration
		Pars plana cysts
		Pearl degeneration
		White-with-pressure and white-without-pressure
	Lesions predisposing to retinal detachment
		Lattice degeneration
		Senile retinoschisis
		Vitreoretinal tufts
		Meridional folds
		Enclosed ora bays
		Peripheral retinal excavations
		Chorioretinal atrophy
		Dark-without-pressure
		Snail track degeneration
	Retinal Tears and Holes
		Dialysis
		Horseshoe tear
		Operculated round tear
		Atrophic round hole
	Treatment options for lattice peripheral degeneration
	Summary
	Clinics care points
		Disclosure
		References
Update on Retinal and Ocular Imaging
	Background and introduction
	Optical coherence tomography
	Fundus photography
	Artificial intelligence–deep learning
	Adaptive optics
	Teleophthalmology
		Types of teleophthalmology
	Diabetic screening
	Retinopathy of prematurity
	Future directions
	Clinics care points
		Disclosure
		References
30-Gauge Needle in Glaucoma/Anterior Segment Management
	Introduction
	Preparation of the patient
	Follow-up after slit lamp procedures
	Indications and procedure description
		Bleb needling revision for scarred, fibrosed blebs
		Bleb needling revision for encapsulating/encapsulated blebs following Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation
		Paracentesis to decrease intraocular pressure
			Acute angle-closure glaucoma
		Anterior chamber reformation
		Suturing at the slit lamp
		Suture removal
		Injections
		Ahmed glaucoma valve removal
		Unplugging sclerotomy
	Corneal procedures
		DSEAK-related issues and 30G needle
		Vitreous strand release
		Astigmatic keratotomy
	Summary
		Disclosure
	Supplementary data
		References
Screening for Plaquenil
	Introduction
	Plaquenil screening modalities
	Automated visual fields
	Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography
	Fundus autofluorescence
	Multifocal electroretinogram
	Current trends and future research
	Summary
	Clinics care points
		Disclosure
		References
Multiple Sclerosis, Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder, and Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody–Associated Disease
	Introduction
	Diagnosis
		Demographics
		Clinical features
			Laterality and recurrence
			Visual acuity and visual field
			Optic disk appearance
			Associated symptoms
		Radiologic features
	Acute management
	Long-term management
		Clinically isolated syndrome and multiple sclerosis
		Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
		Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody–associated diseases
	Prognosis
	Future avenues
	Summary
	Clinics care points
		Disclosure
		References
Efficacy and Safety of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Ocular Manifestations in Giant Cell Arteritis
	Introduction
	Methodology
		Selection criteria
	Results
	Significance
		Visual outcomes reported with Tocilizumab
		Duration of treatment with Tocilizumab
		Administration of Tocilizumab
		Safety and side effects of Tocilizumab
	Summary
	Clinics care points
		Acknowledgments
		Disclosure
		References
Coronavirus Disease 2019–Related Health Disparities in Ophthalmology with a Retrospective Analysis at a Large Academic Publ ...
	Key points
	Introduction
	Significance
		COVID-19 disproportionate impact
		COVID-19–related health care disparities in ophthalmology
		COVID-19–related ophthalmic manifestations
	Relevance and future avenues
	Conclusion
	Summary
		Disclosure
		References
Stepwise Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Dry Eye and Ocular Surface Disease
	Introduction
	Significance
		Approach to diagnosis
			Subjective evaluation
				Symptoms
				Patient history and epidemiology
				Questionnaires
			Diagnostic criteria
				Dry Eye Workshop II
				Japan Dry Eye Society
				Ocular Dryness Disease Severity European Consensus Group
		Clinical examination
			Eyelids
				Lid closure
				Lid margins
			Conjunctiva
				Lid-parallel conjunctival folds
			Tear film
				Tear film meniscus
				Tear breakup time
				Schirmer test
				Tear film osmolarity
				Tear fluid protein immunoassays
				Tear normalization test
			Cornea
				Staining
		Approach to treatment
			Nonpharmacologic treatments
				Patient education
				Dietary supplementation
				Eyelid hygiene
				Lubrication
				Punctal plugs
			Prescription drugs
				Cyclosporine
				Lifitegrast
				Topical steroids
			Antibiotics
				Topical azithromycin and erythromycin
				Oral antibiotics: azithromycin and tetracyclines
			Blood products
				Autologous and/or allogenic serum drops
				Platelet-rich plasma and plasma rich in growth factors
			Surgical procedures
				Punctal cautery
				Eyelid procedures, including tarsorrhaphy and ectropion/entropion repair
				Surgical treatment of conjunctivochalasis
			Eyelid procedures for evaporative dry eye disease
				Intense pulsed light
				Vectored thermal pulsation (LipiFlow)
				iLux
				MiBo Thermoflo
				TearCare system
				Meibomian gland probing
				BlephEx
			Devices
				Nasal neurostimulation
				Contact lenses
				Amniotic membrane
	Recent and upcoming innovations
		Diagnostic imaging
			Confocal microscopy
			Meibometry and meibography
			Interferometry
			Videokeratoscopy
			Fluorophotometry
		Pipeline treatments
			Recombinant human nerve growth factor
			Lacritin
			Lubricin
			Thymosin β4
			Amniotic membrane extract eye drops
			Semifluorinated alkane eye drops
			Reproxalap ophthalmic solution
			ALG-1007 (risuteganib) topical ophthalmic solution
			Peptide melanocortin receptor agonist ophthalmic solution
			Ophthalmic keratolytics
	Summary
	Clinics care points
		Disclosure
		References
Update on the Classification and Management of Corneal Dystrophies
	Introduction
	Significance/in-depth analysis
		Epithelial and Subepithelial Dystrophies
			Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy
			Meesmann epithelial corneal dystrophy
			Lisch epithelial corneal dystrophy
			Gelatinous droplike corneal dystrophy
			Subepithelial mucinous corneal dystrophy
			Epithelial recurrent erosion dystrophies
		Epithelial-Stromal TGFB1 dystrophies
			Reis-Bücklers corneal dystrophy
			Thiel-Behnke corneal dystrophy
			Lattice corneal dystrophy (type 1 and variants)
			Granular corneal dystrophy (type 1)
			Granular corneal dystrophy (type 2)
		Stromal Dystrophies
			Macular corneal dystrophy
			Schnyder corneal dystrophy
			Congenital stromal corneal dystrophy
			Fleck corneal dystrophy
			Posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy
			Central cloudy dystrophy of Francois
			Pre-Descemet corneal dystrophy
		Endothelial Dystrophies
			Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy
			Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy
			Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy
			X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy
	Relevance and future avenues
	Summary
	Clinics care points
	Disclosure
		References
Surgical Management of the Aphakic Eye
	Introduction
	Significance and in-depth analysis of the topic
		Epikeratophakia
		Anterior chamber intraocular lenses
		Iris-fixated intraocular lenses
		Sulcus placement of intraocular lenses
		Sutured scleral-fixated intraocular lenses
		Sutureless scleral-fixated intraocular lenses
	Current relevance and future avenues
		Minimizing suture erosion with scleral pockets and Z-sutures
		Modifications of the Yamane sutureless fixation technique
		Correction of pediatric aphakia
	Summary
	Clinics care points
		Disclosure
		References
A Major Advance in the Treatment of Thyroid Eye Disease Management
	Introduction
	Pathophysiology of thyroid eye disease: the role of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor
	Treatment landscape for thyroid eye disease—anti-inflammatory therapies
	Teprotumumab: mechanism of action
	Safety profile of teprotumumab
	Clinical effect of teprotumumab
	Clinical applications of teprotumumab: future avenues
	Clinics care points
	Disclosure
		References
Diagnosis and Management of Irritated Eyelids
	Introduction
	Significance
		Blepharitis
			Staphylococcal blepharitis
			Posterior blepharitis
			Rosacea
			Demodex blepharitis
		Immunologic
			Allergic contact dermatitis
			Irritant contact dermatitis
			Atopic dermatitis
		Inflammatory
			Psoriasis, discoid lupus erythematosus, and dermatomyositis
		Infectious
			Hordeola, chalazia, preseptal cellulitis, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, erysipelas, and necrotizing fasciitis
		Neoplastic
			Actinic keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous cell carcinoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
	Present relevance and future avenues
		Blepharitis
		Immunologic
		Inflammatory
		Infectious
		Infectious
		Neoplastic
	Summary
	Clinics care points
		Disclosure
		References
Uveitic Glaucoma
	Introduction
	Significance
		Pathogenesis
			Open-angle
			Closed-angle
		Signs and symptoms
		Uveitis etiologies associated with uveitic glaucoma
			Herpetic uveitis
			Posner-Schlossman syndrome
			Juvenile idiopathic arthritis uveitis
			Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
			Sarcoid uveitis
			Steroid-induced glaucoma
	Present relevance and future directions to consider or investigate
		Standard treatment approaches
			Traditional topical intraocular pressure-lowering medications
			Trabeculectomy
			Glaucoma drainage devices
		Treatments apart from well-known intraocular pressure medications and filtering surgery
			Laser treatment
				Laser trabeculoplasty
				Peripheral laser iridectomy versus surgical iridectomy
			Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery
			New topical treatments
	Summary
	Clinics care points
		Disclosure
		References
Solo Private Practice Journey
	Introduction
		A step forward
		Opening the practice
		Day-to-day life
		Things I wish I focused on during residency
	Summary
		Disclosure