Advances in Isotope Methods for the Analysis of Trace Elements in Man (Modern Nutrition)

Advances in Isotope Methods for the Analysis of Trace Elements in Man......Page 4
Preface......Page 7
Editors......Page 8
Contributors......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
1.1 History......Page 18
1.1.2 Use of Mass Spectrometry for Mineral Stable-isotope Research......Page 19
1.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages......Page 20
1.2.2 Stable-isotope Elements Available for Research......Page 21
1.2.3 Instrumentation for Mineral Stable-isotope Research......Page 25
1.2.3.3 Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS)......Page 26
1.2.3.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)......Page 27
1.2.3.5 Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry (FAB-MS)......Page 28
1.3 Stable-isotope Dosage, Preparation, and Administration......Page 29
1.4.1 Zinc......Page 31
1.4.2 Iron......Page 34
1.5 Appendix — Stable-isotope Suppliers......Page 35
References......Page 36
2.1 Introduction......Page 40
2.2 Radioisotopes......Page 41
2.3.1 Whole-body Counting......Page 45
2.3.2.1 Metabolism and Biological Turnover Rate......Page 46
2.3.2.2 Absorption Studies......Page 47
2.3.3 Equipment and Technological Development......Page 48
2.4 Body Imaging Techniques......Page 51
2.5.1 Tissue Retention......Page 52
2.5.2 Urinary Excretion......Page 53
2.5.4 Equipment and Technological Development......Page 55
References......Page 56
3.1 Introduction......Page 59
3.2 Single-pool Tracer Kinetics and Measurement......Page 60
3.3 Tracer-to-tracee Ratio from Mass Spectrometry Measurements......Page 63
3.4 Multi-pool Tracer Kinetics and Measurement......Page 66
3.5 The Multiple Tracer Case......Page 68
3.7 Software Tool: TTRM......Page 70
References......Page 72
CONTENTS......Page 74
4.1.2 Methods......Page 75
4.1.3 Definition of Absorption......Page 76
4.2.2 Normalization of Iron Absorption Data......Page 77
4.2.3 Hemoglobin Incorporation......Page 78
4.2.5 Fecal Monitoring......Page 79
4.2.7 In vitro (Caco-2 Cells)......Page 80
4.3.2 Fecal Monitoring......Page 81
4.3.4 Whole-body Counting......Page 82
4.4.2 Whole-body Counting......Page 83
4.4.3 Fecal Monitoring......Page 84
4.4.5 Plasma Appearance/Disappearance......Page 85
4.4.7 Whole-gut Lavage Technique......Page 86
4.5.1 Introduction......Page 87
4.5.3 Plasma Appearance/Disappearance......Page 89
4.5.5 Urinary Monitoring......Page 90
References......Page 91
5.1 Introduction......Page 96
5.2.2 Sampling Strategy......Page 97
5.3 Compartmental Modelling......Page 98
5.3.1 General Assumptions......Page 99
5.4.1 Zinc......Page 100
5.4.2 Copper......Page 101
5.4.3 Selenium......Page 103
5.5 Conclusion......Page 104
References......Page 105
6.1 Introduction......Page 107
6.2 Iron Metabolism in Relation to the Design of Stable-isotope Protocols......Page 108
6.3 Feasibility Issues......Page 109
6.4.1 Neutron Activation Analysis......Page 113
6.4.2 Mass Spectrometry......Page 114
6.4.3 Summary of Current Analytical Capabilities......Page 115
6.5.1 Relationship between Mucosal Absorption and Hemoglobin Incorporation of Dietary Iron......Page 116
6.5.2 Issues of Dietary Availability of Iron......Page 117
6.6 Conclusion......Page 118
References......Page 119
7.1 Introduction......Page 122
7.2 Isotopic Techniques......Page 124
7.2.1 Short-term Two-compartment Model......Page 125
7.3 Conclusion......Page 126
References......Page 127
8.1 Introduction......Page 129
8.3 Copper Status......Page 130
8.4.1 Radioactive Tracers......Page 131
8.4.2.1.2 Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry......Page 132
8.4.2.2 Multiple Stable-isotope Labelling......Page 133
8.4.2.3 Studies Using Isotopic Tracers of Copper......Page 134
References......Page 135
CONTENTS......Page 140
9.2.1 Sources and Daily Intakes......Page 141
9.2.2 Chemical Form and Bioavailability......Page 142
9.2.3 Metabolism of Selenium......Page 143
9.3.1.1 Selenium Deficiency and Disease......Page 144
9.3.2 Selenoproteins......Page 145
9.3.2.1.2 Phospholipid Hydroperoxide GSHpx......Page 146
9.3.2.4 Thioredoxin Reductase (EC 1.6.4.5.)......Page 147
9.4.1 Status Assays......Page 148
9.4.2.1 Assays for GSHpx Activity......Page 149
9.4.2.2 Measurement of Selenium Isotopes......Page 150
9.4.3 Modelling of Selenium Body Pools......Page 151
9.4.4 Stable-isotope Studies with Low-to-medium Selenium Intakes......Page 154
9.4.5 Stable-isotope Studies with High Selenium Intakes......Page 155
9.5 Conclusion......Page 156
References......Page 157
CONTENTS......Page 162
10.1.2 Manganese Biochemistry......Page 163
10.1.3.1 Studies with Laboratory Animals and Cultured Cells......Page 164
10.1.3.2 Distribution and Retention of Radioactive Manganese in Humans......Page 165
10.1.3.3 Radioactive Methods for Determining Apparent Manganese Absorption in Humans......Page 166
10.1.3.4 Radioactive Methods for Determining True Manganese Absorption......Page 167
10.1.3.5 The Use of Radioisotopes to Study Manganese/Iron Interactions......Page 169
10.2.1 Introduction......Page 170
10.2.3.1 Nutritional Studies with 51Cr......Page 171
10.3.2 Radioactive Isotopes of Molybdenum in Human Studies......Page 172
10.4 Summary......Page 173
References......Page 174
11.1 Introduction......Page 178
11.2.1 Methodology......Page 181
11.2.2.1 Studies in Premature Infants......Page 184
11.2.2.2.1 Human Milk and Infant Formula......Page 185
11.2.2.2.2 Complementary Foods......Page 187
11.2.2.3 Studies in Pregnant Women......Page 188
11.3 Zinc......Page 189
11.4 Zinc and Copper......Page 191
11.5 Selenium......Page 192
11.6 Chromium......Page 193
References......Page 194
12.1 Introduction......Page 198
12.3 Ethical Considerations......Page 199
12.4.2 Copper Homeostasis in the Elderly......Page 200
Acknowledgments......Page 201
References......Page 202
CONTENTS......Page 203
13.1 Introduction......Page 204
13.2.1 Supplementation......Page 205
13.2.2 Fortification......Page 207
13.2.3 Dietary Strategies......Page 208
13.3.1 Securing Support within the Country at the National and Community Level......Page 209
13.3.2 Selecting the Study Design......Page 210
13.3.3 Assessing the Nutritional and Health Status of the Study Participants......Page 211
13.3.4.1 Assessing Food Intakes......Page 213
13.3.4.3 Assessing Intakes of Trace Elements and Absorption Modifiers in Habitual Diets......Page 214
13.3.4.4 Assessing Nutrient Intakes during the Metabolic Study......Page 215
13.4 Technical Aspects of Implementing Isotope Studies in Developing Countries......Page 216
13.4.1.1 Fecal Monitoring......Page 217
13.4.1.2 Urinary Monitoring......Page 218
13.4.1.4 Plasma Tolerance Curves and Plasma Deconvolution......Page 219
13.4.2.1 Fecal Samples......Page 220
13.4.2.3 Blood Samples......Page 221
References......Page 222