Advances in Insect Physiology: Insect Integument and Colour

iv_iv_Copyright-Page_2010_Advances-in-Insect-Physiology_38_[issue]......Page 3
vii_viii_Contributors_2010_Advances-in-Insect-Physiology_38_[issue]......Page 4
Increasing Demands and Vanishing Expertise in Insect Integrative Biology......Page 6
References......Page 9
Introduction......Page 10
Chemical and physical aspects......Page 13
Structural and functional aspects......Page 15
Chito-protein complex of peritrophic membranes......Page 16
Synthesis and deposition (from gene to microfibril)......Page 17
Chitin synthase (CS)-genes......Page 18
Chitin synthase (CS)-proteins......Page 20
Properties of CS and catalysis......Page 23
Assembly and trafficking of catalytic units......Page 26
The translocation puzzle......Page 29
Chitin deacetylase......Page 30
Chitin hydrolysis......Page 31
Chitinases......Page 33
beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase/beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase......Page 35
Control and regulation of chitin metabolism......Page 37
Chitin synthase-expression patterns and hormonal control......Page 39
Chitinolytic enzymes-expression patterns and hormonal control......Page 40
Inhibition of chitin metabolism......Page 41
Pyrimidine-nucleoside peptides......Page 42
Miscellaneous inhibitors......Page 45
Insecticidal acylurea compounds......Page 46
Inhibition due to hydrogen bond disruption......Page 48
Inhibition by chitin-binding proteins......Page 49
Chitinase inhibitors......Page 50
beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidase inhibitors......Page 52
Concluding remarks......Page 53
Acknowledgments......Page 55
References......Page 340
Untitled......Page 80
Introduction
......Page 271
Thread core themes: domain stiffness, histidine-metal complexation and dopa-histidine cross-links
......Page 84
The byssal coating: dopa-metal complexation
......Page 90
The byssal plaque: catechol protection and adhesion
......Page 93
Glycera jaws
......Page 96
Jaw components: melanin, histidine-rich proteins and copper
......Page 97
The eyespots of butterflies
......Page 235
Structure-to-property relationships in Glycera jaw
......Page 100
Jaw components: histidine- and tyrosine-rich protein, halogenation and zinc
......Page 102
Structure-to-property relationships in Nereis jaw
......Page 106
Dosidicus beak
......Page 108
Components: protein, chitin and cross-linked pigment
......Page 109
Beak microarchitecture: an organic lamellar composite
......Page 114
Structure-to-property relationships in Dosidicus beaks
......Page 115
Selective comparison of sclerotization strategies
......Page 118
Hardening and pigmentation: an introduction to insect cuticle chemistry and microstructure
......Page 119
Case studies
......Page 122
Atta sexdens mandible
......Page 123
Schistocerca gregaria wing-hinge ligaments
......Page 124
A comparison of arthropod, molluscan and annelid sclerotization
......Page 125
Conclusions
......Page 129
References......Page 131
Insect Cuticular Surface Modifications: Scales and Other Structural Formations
......Page 139
Introduction......Page 140
Hairs......Page 141
Papillae and diffraction gratings......Page 142
Bristles and scales......Page 143
Wings and scales......Page 144
Introduction to scale structure......Page 145
Basic scale patterning......Page 148
Ridge/microrib variants......Page 150
Two-dimensional photonic crystals......Page 151
Internal structures......Page 155
Overview of macrochaete development......Page 161
Specialized scale development......Page 165
Two other arthropods......Page 169
Discussion......Page 173
Structures formatted by the actin cytoskeleton......Page 175
Formation of the lamellae and microribs......Page 176
Structures formatted by the SER......Page 177
Pauropus......Page 178
Final thoughts......Page 179
References......Page 180
Introduction......Page 185
Iridescence from ages......Page 186
Climbing the complexity hill......Page 188
Single planar interface......Page 191
Example: The North-African ant Cataglyphis bombicina: Prismatic bristles......Page 192
Example: Light extraction from the bioluminescent organs of fireflies......Page 193
Single planar overlayer......Page 196
Iridescence on the wings of a tropical wasp......Page 197
Planar multilayer stacks......Page 199
Chrysochroa vittata......Page 202
Hoplia coerulea......Page 204
Grating......Page 205
Example: Lamprolenis nitida......Page 208
Pierella luna......Page 209
Photonic crystals......Page 210
2D photonic crystals in birds: The common magpie......Page 211
2D photonic crystals in ctenophores: Beroë cucumis......Page 213
3D photonic crystals in insects......Page 214
The longhorn Prosopocera lactator......Page 215
Carefully disordered structures......Page 216
More on weevils structures: Pachyrrhynchus congestus pavonius......Page 218
Cyanophrys remus green ventral side of wings......Page 219
Conclusion......Page 220
References......Page 221
Introduction
......Page 223
Mechanisms of colour pattern formation
......Page 224
Predator visual performance
......Page 225
Visual equipment of insect predators
......Page 272
Drosophila wing patterns
......Page 230
Vein and margin-dependent patterns
......Page 232
Signal propagation
......Page 236
Ectopic eyespot induction
......Page 238
Gene expression
......Page 240
Non-circular eyespots
......Page 244
Eyespot mutations
......Page 245
Other pattern elements
......Page 247
Control of pigment biosynthesis
......Page 248
The lepidopteran scale casette
......Page 250
Phenotypic plasticity and hormones
......Page 251
Cuticular colour changes
......Page 252
General developmental mechanism
......Page 253
Locust polyphenism and chromatic adaptation
......Page 254
Butterfly seasonal forms
......Page 255
Temperature shocks and trauma
......Page 258
Stochastic processes in colour pattern formation
......Page 259
Epilogue
......Page 261
References
......Page 262
Insect Colours and Visual Appearance in the Eyes of Their Predators
......Page 270
Variation in visual equipment and its relation to insect capture efficiency
......Page 275
Retinal organization and neural processing influence predators' ability to detect prey 
......Page 276
Weighing the role of vision relative to other sensory channels
......Page 279
Visual cues useful for prey detection and recognition
......Page 280
Visual cues informing about prey profitability-predator preferences
......Page 283
Visual estimation of distance to prey
......Page 286
Visual input during prey pursuit
......Page 287
Prey visual cues and predator versatility
......Page 288
Measuring colouration
......Page 289
Building artificially coloured stimuli
......Page 291
Characterization of spectral shape
......Page 292
A more integrated approach: analysis using 'physiological' models
......Page 293
Colour investigation: practical recommendations
......Page 297
Disruptive colouration and background matching 
......Page 299
Maximum disruptive contrast
......Page 303
Disruption of surface
......Page 304
Background matching and its relation with disruptive colouration 
......Page 305
Distractive markings
......Page 307
Countershading
......Page 308
Masquerade and decoration
......Page 309
Warning colours: learnt or innate?
......Page 312
Avoided  colours
......Page 314
The importance of contrast with the background
......Page 316
Investigations of the intimidation hypothesis
......Page 317
Investigations of the conspicuous signal hypothesis
......Page 320
Investigations of the deflection hypothesis
......Page 322
Motion informs about palatability
......Page 324
Warning-pattern size and symmetry
......Page 325
Predator visual mimicry
......Page 326
The representative case of the peppered moth
......Page 327
Predator perceptual processes and their impact on evolution morph frequency
......Page 330
Role of background in morph detection
......Page 332
Morph-dependent background preference, a non-visual selection of morph colouration?
......Page 334
Visual determinants of morph selective value
......Page 335
Discussion
......Page 336
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