Advances in Giardia Research

Advances in Giardia Research......Page 2
PREFACE......Page 4
ADVANCES IN GIARDIA RESEARCH......Page 6
EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND DRUG SENSITIVITY......Page 10
The Current Armamentarium......Page 11
Evidence for Drug Resistance in Human Patients......Page 12
Mechanisms of Drug Resistance......Page 13
Literature Cited......Page 14
Fluorescing Agent......Page 16
Results......Page 17
Literature Cited......Page 19
Modes of Transmission......Page 21
Results......Page 22
Conclusions......Page 24
Literature Cited......Page 25
Adherence Assay......Page 26
Validation of the Adherence Assay......Page 27
Discussion......Page 28
Literature Cited......Page 29
Material and Methods......Page 30
Discussion......Page 31
Literature Cited......Page 33
Materials and Methods......Page 34
Results......Page 35
Literature Cited......Page 36
1). Preparation of Cell Monolayers on Coverslips......Page 38
2). Interactions Between Parasites and HeLa Cells......Page 39
Discussion......Page 40
Literature cited......Page 41
Discussion......Page 43
Literature Cited......Page 45
IMMUNOLOGY......Page 46
Production and Role of Anti-Giardia Antibodies......Page 47
Roles of T Lymphocytes, Natural Killer Cells, and Macrophages......Page 48
Literature Cited......Page 49
Giardia Isolates and Parasitological Techniques......Page 51
Characterization of the Two Giardia Isolates......Page 52
Infections in Normal Rats......Page 53
Passive Protection With Immune Bile......Page 54
Discussion......Page 55
Literature Cited......Page 56
Results......Page 57
Literature Cited......Page 59
ANIMAL MODELS AND CROSS-INFECTION......Page 61
Analysis of Collections During the Edmonton Outbreak......Page 62
Prevalence of Giardia sp. in Dogs During a Human Outbreak......Page 63
Discussion......Page 64
Literature Cited......Page 65
Materials and Methods......Page 66
The Numbers and Distribution of Giardia Trophozoites in the Small Intestine......Page 67
Literature Cited......Page 69
Institutional Profiles......Page 71
Results......Page 72
Discussion......Page 73
Literature Cited......Page 74
Collection of Cysts from Gerbils......Page 75
General......Page 76
Literature Cited......Page 77
Animal Model......Page 78
Discussion......Page 79
Literature Cited......Page 80
WATER TREATMENT......Page 82
Water Treatment and the Giardia Cyst......Page 83
Slow Sand Filtration......Page 85
Treatment Plant Description......Page 86
Giardia Cysts and Other Microorganisms......Page 87
General Water Quality Parameters......Page 88
Filter Media......Page 89
Summary and Conclusions......Page 90
Literature Cited......Page 91
Slow Sand Filtration......Page 92
Diatomaceous Earth Filtration......Page 94
Coagulation-Filtration......Page 96
Conclusions......Page 98
Literature Cited......Page 99
Introduction......Page 100
Results......Page 101
Discussion......Page 102
References......Page 103
Introduction......Page 104
Sampling Techniques......Page 105
Reverse Osmosis Efficiency......Page 106
Granular Activated Carbon Filtration System......Page 107
General Discussion......Page 108
Literature Cited......Page 109
Discussion......Page 110
Literature Cited......Page 113
Introduction......Page 114
Treatment Plant Design Criteria Development......Page 115
Plant Performance......Page 116
Backwash......Page 119
Cost Data......Page 120
Literature Cited......Page 121
Solution to the Problem......Page 122
Ozone Generation......Page 123
Ozone System Sizing......Page 124
Literature Cited......Page 125
Materials and Methods......Page 126
Conclusions......Page 127
Literature Cited......Page 128
Results......Page 129
Literature Cited......Page 131
Introduction......Page 132
Cyst Production......Page 133
Cyst Recovery by Membrane Filtration......Page 134
Preliminary Injection and Recovery Trials......Page 135
Disinfection Trials......Page 136
Disinfection Experiments......Page 137
Literature Cited......Page 138
DIFFERENTIATION OF GIARDIA ISOLATES......Page 140
Materials and Methods......Page 141
Results......Page 142
Discussion......Page 144
Literature Cited......Page 145
2. Partial Purification of the 32kD Antigen......Page 147
4. Immunoblot of Antigens Reacted with the Anti- 32kD Serum......Page 148
1. Identification of the 32kD Antigen in in vitro Translations of mRNA......Page 149
Literature Cited......Page 150
Introduction......Page 152
Immunofluorescence Cross-testing......Page 153
Discussion......Page 154
Literature Cited......Page 155
Giardia Isolates......Page 157
Results and Discussion......Page 158
Literature Cited......Page 159
Introduction......Page 160
Immobilization of G. muris Trophozoites......Page 161
Literature Cited......Page 162
Results and Discussion......Page 164
Role of the Promoter Region in Transcriptional Regulation......Page 165
Literature Cited......Page 166
Immunoprecipitation......Page 167
Discussion......Page 168
Literature Cited......Page 169
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis......Page 171
Sedimentation Velocity Measurements......Page 172
Discussion......Page 173
Acknowledgements......Page 174
Literature Cited......Page 175
Enzyme Assays......Page 176
Discussion......Page 177
Literature Cited......Page 178
Fractionation of CSA by Sephacryl S-300 (gel-filtration) Column Chromatography......Page 179
Results......Page 180
Discussion......Page 181
Literature Cited......Page 182
DETECTION OF GIARDIA CYSTS......Page 183
Introduction......Page 184
Sampling Device......Page 185
Processing the Filter Cartridge for Analysis......Page 186
The Overlay/Underlay and the Membrane Filter Selective Concentration Techniques......Page 187
Specific Gravity of the Chemical......Page 188
Problems with Direct Microscopy and Fluorescent Microscopy......Page 189
Conclusions......Page 190
Literature Cited......Page 191
Sample Collection......Page 192
Results and Discussion......Page 193
Literature Cited......Page 195
Calculations......Page 197
Discussion......Page 198
Literature Cited......Page 199
Results......Page 200
Literature Cited......Page 201
In vitro Encystment......Page 203
Results......Page 204
Discussion......Page 205
Literature Cited......Page 206
Monitoring the Watershed Environment: Bacteriological and Chemical Indicators of Possible Sewage Con.........Page 207
Discussion......Page 208
Literature Cited......Page 209
Beavers......Page 210
(ii) Are the Giardia in Beavers the Same As Those in Man?......Page 212
(iii) Infection of Beavers with Giardia Cysts of Human Origin......Page 213
Domestic Animals and Birds......Page 214
(ii) Waterborne Outbreaks of Giardiasis - Human versus Animal Origin for Cysts......Page 215
The Sources of Giardia Cysts in Water......Page 216
Acknowledgements......Page 217
Literature Cited......Page 218
All Samples......Page 220
Creeks......Page 222
Lakes......Page 223
Unfiltered......Page 224
Direct Filtration......Page 225
Cartridge or Mechanical Filters......Page 226
Conclusions......Page 227
Acknowledgements......Page 228
VIABILITY TESTING......Page 229
Excystation......Page 230
Other Methods......Page 233
Literature Cited......Page 234
Organisms......Page 236
Preliminary Studies with FluoroBora IF......Page 237
Preliminary Studies With Giardia Lamblia Cysts......Page 238
Discussion......Page 239
Literature Cited......Page 240
Organisms......Page 241
Development of Excystation Method for G. muris......Page 242
Method Comparison and Use......Page 243
Literature Cited......Page 244
Materials and Methods......Page 245
Cyst Viability by Light Microscopy......Page 246
Discussion......Page 247
Literature Cited......Page 248
PANEL DISCUSSIONS......Page 250
Encystation......Page 251
A Possible Sampling Approach for Evaluating the Level of Risk (M.B. Borup)......Page 252
Questions/Comments......Page 253
Determination of an Allowable Morbidity Rate (R.S. Tobin)......Page 254
Questions/Comments......Page 255
Allowable Concentrations of Cysts in Raw and Finished Water (A. Amirtharajah)......Page 256
Infectivity and Viability (C.P. Hibler)......Page 258
Measurement of CT Values on Site (A. Amirtharajah)......Page 259
Questions/Comments......Page 261
Literature Cited......Page 262
Chemotaxonomy......Page 264
Literature Cited......Page 265
Ernest A. Meyer......Page 267
Charles P. Hibler......Page 268
Discussion......Page 269
C......Page 271
E......Page 272
H......Page 273
L......Page 274
M......Page 275
R......Page 276
T......Page 277
Z......Page 278