Advances in Energy Research, Volume 4

ADVANCES IN ENERGY RESEARCH......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
Variables......Page 17
1. Introduction......Page 18
3. Methods......Page 19
3.2. Indoor and Outdoor Sampling Conditions......Page 20
3.4. Ham Tools Simulation......Page 21
4.1. Outdoor Conditions......Page 24
4.2. Thermal Inertia and Solar Gain: Time Constant Determination......Page 25
4.3. Air Changes......Page 26
5. Discussion......Page 27
6. Conclusions......Page 32
References......Page 33
Nomenclature......Page 35
1. Introduction......Page 36
3.2. Ventilation Rate......Page 37
3.5. Questionnaires......Page 38
3.8. Museums and Schools......Page 39
3.9. Office Buildings......Page 40
3.10. Ships......Page 42
4.1. Climatic Data......Page 43
4.2. Flats......Page 44
4.3. Offices......Page 45
4.5. Industrial Ambience: Ships......Page 46
5.1. Indoor Air Renovation......Page 47
Schools......Page 48
Museums......Page 49
6. Conclusions......Page 51
References......Page 52
Abstract......Page 57
2. Background......Page 58
2.1. Cogeneration......Page 59
2.2. Exergy......Page 60
2.2.1. Exergy Analysis......Page 61
2.2.2. Illustrative Applications......Page 62
2.3. Existing Allocation Methods for Energy-System Emissions......Page 65
3.2. Allocation Based on Exergy Content of Products......Page 66
3.3. Allocation Based on Economic Value of Products......Page 67
3.4. Allocation Based on Incremental Fuel Consumption to Electrical Production......Page 68
3.6. Allocation Based on Shared Emission Savings between Electrical and Thermal Energy......Page 69
4.1. Objective in Allocating Emissions for Multi-product Production Processes......Page 70
4.3. Energy-Based Considerations in Allocating CO2 Emissions for Cogeneration......Page 71
4.5.1. Trade-off between Thermal and Electrical Products of Cogeneration......Page 72
4.5.2. Implications for CO2 Emissions Allocations......Page 73
4.6. Comparison of CO2 Emission Allocation Methods for Cogeneration......Page 74
5. Exergy Values for Typical Cogeneration Commodities......Page 77
7. Illustrative Examples......Page 80
7.1.1. Descriptions of the Examples......Page 81
7.1.2. Energy and Exergy Values......Page 82
7.1.3. Results and Discussion......Page 83
7.2.1. Description of Scenario......Page 85
7.2.2. Energy and Exergy Values......Page 87
7.2.3. Results and Discussion......Page 89
7.3.1. CO2 Emissions Credits when an Electricity User Switches to Cogeneration......Page 92
7.3.2. CO2 Emissions Credits when a Heat User Switches to Cogeneration......Page 94
8. Conclusions......Page 96
Greek Symbols......Page 97
References......Page 98
Abstract......Page 103
Introduction......Page 104
Statistic Analysis......Page 105
Results and Discussion......Page 106
References......Page 110
1. Introduction......Page 113
2.1. Entropy Generation Minimization Method......Page 115
2.2. Exergy Analysis......Page 116
3.3. Thermoeconomics/Exergoeconomics......Page 117
3.4.1. Life Cycle Assessment Framework......Page 119
4. Future Trends of Second Law Applications......Page 120
Greek Symbols......Page 121
References......Page 122
1. Introduction......Page 125
2. General Conventional Approach to Wind  Energy Calculations......Page 126
3. Basic Physical Formulation......Page 127
4. Discussion......Page 128
Acknowledgment......Page 130
References......Page 131
1. Introduction......Page 133
2. Mission and Main Features of Fusion Power Plants......Page 136
3. Magnetic Fusion Concepts......Page 139
3.1.1. US Tokamak Power Plant Studies......Page 140
3.1.2. Recent European, Japanese, and Chinese Tokamak Power Plant Studies......Page 144
3.1.3. D-3He Fueled Tokamak Power Plant Studies......Page 147
3.1.4. Summary......Page 148
3.2. Stellarators......Page 149
3.3. Spherical Tori......Page 154
3.4. Field-Reversed Configurations......Page 159
3.5. Reversed-Field Pinches......Page 163
3.6. Spheromaks......Page 166
3.7. Tandem Mirrors......Page 168
4. Fusion Roadmaps and Timeline of Fusion Power......Page 171
5. Conclusion......Page 173
References......Page 174
Abstract......Page 187
1. Introduction......Page 203
2. Fusion, Fission, and Coal Comparison......Page 205
3. Fusion Fuel Safety......Page 206
4.1. Fusion Safety Philosophy and Assessment......Page 208
4.2. Deterministic Safety Analysis......Page 210
4.2.1. Experimental Facilities: ITER and NIF......Page 212
4.2.2. Power Plants......Page 215
4.3. Probabilistic Safety Assessment......Page 217
5. Personnel Safety......Page 219
5.1. Radiation Safety......Page 220
5.2. Industrial Safety......Page 224
6.1. Radwaste Management......Page 226
6.2. Thermal Pollution......Page 230
6.3.1. Gaseous and Liquid Effluent Releases......Page 231
6.3.2. Chemical Releases......Page 232
6.3.3. Electromagnetic Energy Emanations......Page 233
Acknowledgments......Page 234
References......Page 235
Abstract......Page 247
General Overview......Page 248
The Energy Situation in North America......Page 251
The Energy Situation in the European Union (EU)......Page 253
The Energy Situation in Asia......Page 256
The Energy Situation in Latin America......Page 259
The Energy Situation in Africa and the Middle East......Page 261
Management of the Radioactive Waste......Page 268
Operational Safety of the Nuclear Power Plants......Page 270
Public Acceptance......Page 271
The Projection of the Contribution of Nuclear Energy in the Global Energy Balance......Page 274
Types of Nuclear Power Reactors......Page 276
Uranium–Fuelled Nuclear Power Reactors......Page 281
Plutonium-Fuelled Nuclear Power Reactors......Page 282
The Next Generation of Nuclear Power Reactor......Page 283
Sustainability......Page 284
Proliferation Resistance and Physical Protection......Page 285
The Future......Page 286
Conclusion......Page 289
References......Page 290
Nomenclature......Page 293
Introduction......Page 294
Thermodynamic Analysis......Page 295
Heat Exchanger Sizing......Page 300
Economic Analysis......Page 304
Appendix A......Page 306
References......Page 307
Abstract......Page 309
Aircraft Emissions......Page 310
Regulating Aircraft under the Clean Air Act......Page 312
Proposed Legislation......Page 314
European Union......Page 315
Conclusion......Page 316
References......Page 318
Abstract......Page 323
A Look at the Historic Data......Page 326
Implications of Focusing on Emissions Levels for International Actions......Page 328
Alternative Perspectives......Page 330
Discussion......Page 331
Based on 2000 Greenhouse Gas Emissions......Page 334
Appendix B. Emissions and Other Climate Change-Related Indicators  for 20 Largest Emitters......Page 335
Appendix C. Additional Emissions and Other Climate Change-Related Indicators  for 20 Largest Emitters......Page 336
References......Page 337
Abstract......Page 339
Introduction......Page 340
Three Lenses for Viewing Solutions......Page 341
Technological Lens......Page 342
Economic Lens......Page 346
Ecological Approach......Page 352
Cost Analysis as Viewed through the Lenses......Page 357
The Role of Science as Viewed through the Lenses......Page 359
Federal Policy as Viewed through the Lenses......Page 360
Conclusion: Balancing the Three Lenses to Develop Policy......Page 362
References......Page 365
Full Text of Tax Incentive Legislation......Page 371
Federal Incentives......Page 372
Biomass......Page 373
Recent Legislation......Page 374
Popular Incentives Tables......Page 375
CRS Reports on Grants......Page 376
Abstract......Page 377
Background [1]......Page 378
Appropriations Provisions (Division A)......Page 379
Tax Incentive Provisions (Division B)......Page 380
Title IV – Department of Energy (DOE)......Page 381
DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Research [5]......Page 382
DOE State Energy Program and Decoupling Provision [11]......Page 383
Alternative-Fueled Vehicles [20]......Page 384
Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) [24]......Page 385
Office of Fossil Energy Research and Development [36]......Page 386
Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy (ARPA-E) [42]......Page 387
Department of the Interior [48]......Page 388
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy......Page 389
HUD Public Housing Capital Fund......Page 390
Title XIV – Department of Education (DOED)......Page 391
Investment Tax Credit, Repeal of Caps (Dollar Limits) on Certain Equipment......Page 392
Energy Efficiency Improvements to Existing Homes......Page 393
Plug-In Vehicle Tax Credit......Page 394
Grants in Place of Tax Credits......Page 395
References......Page 396
Index......Page 401