Advances in Earth Science: From Earthquakes to Global Warming (2007)(en)(314s)

CONTENTS......Page 20
Preface Chris Hawkesworth, FRS......Page 6
Profiles of the Editors and Authors......Page 10
Authors......Page 11
Introduction Peter Sammonds......Page 22
Environmental Change......Page 24
Dynamics of the Earth......Page 26
Applied Earth Science......Page 27
Section 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE......Page 30
1. Introduction......Page 32
2. The Rise and Fall of Mitigation Costs......Page 33
3. Place Your Bets......Page 37
(a) Baby (Aged 0–2)......Page 38
(c) Infant (Aged 4–7)......Page 39
(d) Junior (Aged 7–11)......Page 40
(e) Senior (Aged 11–18)......Page 41
(g) Young adult (Aged 21–30)......Page 42
(h) Older adult (Aged 30–45)......Page 43
(i) Pre-retirement (Aged 45–60)......Page 44
(k) The final bill......Page 45
5. Conclusion......Page 46
Toddler (2–4 years)......Page 47
Student (18–21)......Page 48
Pre-retirement (45–60)......Page 49
References......Page 50
Carbon in the Atmosphere and Terrestrial Biosphere in the Early Anthropocene Yadvinder Malhi......Page 54
1. Introduction......Page 55
2.1. The natural carbon cycle......Page 56
2.3. The contemporary global carbon balance......Page 58
3. The Causes of the Carbon Sink in the Terrestrial Biosphere......Page 61
4. Looking for the Terrestrial Carbon Sink......Page 63
4.1. The global atmosphere......Page 64
4.2. Measurements of the vertical flux of CO2 above a surface......Page 65
4.3. Biomass and soil carbon inventories......Page 68
5. Implications of a Biospheric Carbon Sink for the Biosphere......Page 71
6.1. Scenarios for the 21st century......Page 72
6.2. The Kyoto protocol and carbon politics......Page 73
6.3. Surprises in the biosphere......Page 75
References......Page 76
Dust in the Earth System: The Biogeochemical Linking of Land, Air, and Sea Andy Ridgwell and Karen E. Kohfeld......Page 80
1. Introduction......Page 81
2. Dust Deposition in the Terrestrial Realm......Page 83
3. Dust Deposition in the Marine Realm......Page 84
3.1. Iron limitation in the ocean......Page 85
3.2. Iron supply to the surface ocean......Page 86
4. Anthropogenic Modi.cation of Dust Supply......Page 88
5. The Demise of the Last Ice Age: A Role for Dust?......Page 90
6. Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 92
Acknowledgements......Page 94
References......Page 95
1. Stratigraphy and Dating......Page 98
2.1. Extraterrestrial impact?......Page 100
2.2. Volcanically triggered global warming?......Page 102
3.1. Marine extinctions......Page 108
3.2. Terrestrial extinctions......Page 110
4.1. Recovery of marine ecosystems......Page 111
4.2. Recovery of terrestrial ecosystems......Page 114
References......Page 115
Section 2: DYNAMICS OF THE EARTH......Page 120
1. Introduction......Page 122
2. Ionospheric Imaging......Page 124
3. Imaging Using GPS......Page 128
5. Imaging Near-Earth Space and Other Planets......Page 133
6. Solar-Terrestrial System Imaging and Data Assimilation......Page 134
References......Page 136
1. Introduction......Page 138
2. Fault Structure......Page 141
3. Stress Field......Page 143
4. Constitutive Relation......Page 147
5. Numerical Simulation......Page 149
6. Dynamic Rupture of Earthquake......Page 150
7. Concluding Remarks......Page 153
References......Page 154
Some Remarks on the Time Scales of Magmatic Processes Occurring Beneath Island Arc Volcanoes Simon P. Turner......Page 162
1. Introduction......Page 163
2. U-Series Isotope Systematics......Page 164
3.1. Transfer of the sediment component......Page 165
3.2. Transfer of the fluid component......Page 166
4. The Mechanisms of Fluid Addition, Partial Melting and Magma Ascent......Page 169
4.1. Fluid addition......Page 170
4.2. The thermal structure in the wedge......Page 171
4.3. A dynamic melt region......Page 172
4.4. Melt segregation and ascent rates......Page 173
5. Magma Residence and Evolution Within the Crust......Page 174
6. Conclusions......Page 177
References......Page 178
1. Introduction......Page 182
2. Magmatism During Continental Break-Up......Page 184
3. Deformation During Continental Break-Up......Page 189
4. The Future......Page 192
Acknowledgements......Page 193
References......Page 194
Properties and Evolution of the Earth’s Core and Geodynamo F. Nimmo and D. Alfe......Page 196
2. The Interior Structure of the Earth......Page 197
2.1. Thermal structure of the Earth......Page 201
2.2. Magnetic observations of the Earth......Page 203
3. Core Properties......Page 204
3.1. First principles calculations......Page 205
3.2. Free energies......Page 207
3.3. The melting curve of iron......Page 208
3.4. Constraints on the composition of the Earth’s core......Page 211
4. Dynamo Models......Page 212
5. The Evolution of the Core and Dynamo......Page 218
5.1. Present-day heat balance......Page 219
5.2. Thermal evolution of the Earth......Page 222
6. Other Silicate Bodies......Page 226
6.1. Observations and deductions......Page 228
7. Conclusions......Page 230
References......Page 231
Section 3: APPLIED EARTH SCIENCE......Page 240
1. Catastrophe in the Mountains......Page 242
3. Characteristics of Sturzstrom Deposits......Page 244
4. The Evolution of Sturzstroms......Page 246
5. The Importance of Sturzstrom Volume......Page 247
6. Resistance to Motion in Basal Granular Fluids......Page 250
7. Quantifying Sturzstrom Runout......Page 251
8. Minimum Volume for Sturzstroms......Page 252
9. Implications for Sturzstrom Emplacement......Page 255
References......Page 256
1. The Earthquake Cycle......Page 258
2. Satellite Radar Interferometry......Page 262
3. Coseismic Deformation: Images of Earthquakes......Page 266
4. Interseismic Deformation......Page 267
5. A Look Into the Future......Page 269
References......Page 271
Human Influence on the Global Geochemical Cycle of Lead Dominik J. Weiss, Malin E. Kylander and Matthew K. Reuer......Page 274
1. Getting the Lead Out: Sampling and Analysis......Page 275
2. Lead Isotopes as Tools for Source Identi.cation......Page 277
3.1. Natural lead in the terrestrial environment......Page 278
3.2. Natural lead in the marine environment......Page 280
3.3. Natural changes in atmospheric deposition......Page 281
3.5. Mineral dust .uxes and volcanogenic lead to ice cores......Page 282
4. Anthropogenic Lead......Page 283
4.1. Aerosol compositions......Page 285
4.2. Lead in the marine system......Page 287
5.1. Evidences from ice core records......Page 289
5.3. Evidences from marine records......Page 292
6. Future Steps......Page 293
Acknowledgements......Page 294
References......Page 295
1. Platinum and Palladium Distribution in the Earth......Page 302
2. Economic Pt & Pd Concentrations in Natural Deposits......Page 304
3. Non-Economic Pt and Pd Concentrations in Natural Occurrences......Page 306
4. Magmatic Processes that Collect Pt and Pd......Page 307
5. Platinum-Group Minerals......Page 308
6. Pt and Pd Mobility at the Earth’s Surface......Page 310
7. Pt and Pd in the Urban Environment......Page 312
8. Knowledge from Natural Pt and Pd Occurrences Applied to the Man-Made Situation......Page 315
References......Page 316
Data Assimilation and Objectively Optimised Earth Observation David J. Lary and Anuradha Koratkar......Page 322
1. Introduction......Page 323
3. Science Goal Monitor......Page 326
4. Information Content and State Vector Uncertainty......Page 327
5. Automatic Code Generation......Page 328
7. Automatic Data Compression......Page 329
9.1. A case study: Chlorine oxidation of methane in the free troposphere......Page 330
10. Conclusion......Page 334
References......Page 335
Afterword Bill McGuire......Page 340
Index......Page 342