Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Volume 3

Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Volume 2......Page 1
Preface......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Introduction......Page 8
Gas Chromatographic Analysis......Page 9
Silver-Ion Chromatography......Page 11
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry......Page 13
Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection......Page 14
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy......Page 15
Chemical Methods......Page 16
References......Page 17
Introduction......Page 20
Gas Chromatographic Conditions and Elution Order of CLA Isomers......Page 21
Mass Spectra of Suitable Derivatives of CLA......Page 25
Application of GC-MS to the Analysis of CLA......Page 29
Examination of CLA Metabolites by GC-MS......Page 33
Detection of Non-CLA Peaks in the CLA Region of the Gas Chromatogram, and Artifacts, by GC-MS......Page 36
Summary......Page 37
References......Page 38
Introduction......Page 44
Silver-Ion TLC......Page 45
Introduction.......Page 47
Fatty Acid Analysis by Ag-HPLC.......Page 49
Fatty Acid Ester Analysis by Ag-HPLC.......Page 50
CLA-Enriched TAG Analysis by Ag-HPLC.......Page 52
Ag-HPLC: Semipreparative Applications.......Page 55
Ag-HPLC: Future Considerations......Page 57
References......Page 58
Introduction......Page 63
Methodology......Page 66
FAME Oxidation in Glass......Page 67
Mechanisms in CLA Autoxidation......Page 70
Conclusion......Page 75
References......Page 76
Dehydration of Ricinoleic Acid......Page 78
Isomerization in Propylene Glycol......Page 79
Thermal [1,5] Sigmatropic Rearrangements of CLA Isomers......Page 80
Stability of CLA Compared with Linoleic Acid......Page 82
Volatiles......Page 84
Stability of CLA in Soft Gelatine Capsules......Page 85
Summary......Page 86
References......Page 87
Preparation from Linoleic Acid.......Page 89
Preparation by Chemical Multistep Synthesis.......Page 90
Preparation by Chemical Multistep Synthesis.......Page 94
References......Page 98
Introduction......Page 101
HPLC Separation......Page 102
Characterization by UV Spectrum......Page 103
Characterization by the Elution Order......Page 104
Conclusions......Page 105
References......Page 106
The Form of CLA in Food......Page 108
Cow\'s Milk Fat......Page 109
Sheep Milk Fat.......Page 111
Effect of Processing......Page 112
Meat and Meat Products......Page 116
Beef......Page 117
Wild Game Meat......Page 118
Nonruminant Meat......Page 119
Edible Oils......Page 120
Miscellaneous Products......Page 121
Breast Milk, Infant Formulas, and Baby Food......Page 122
CLA Intake in Humans......Page 123
References......Page 124
Milk Fatty Acid Composition......Page 130
Origin of Fatty Acids in Milk......Page 131
Conjugated Linoleic Acid of Milk Fat......Page 132
Nutritional Manipulation of Milk fat Composition......Page 133
Plant Oils......Page 136
Method of Feeding Plant Oils.......Page 137
Marine Oils......Page 138
Animal Fats......Page 140
Protected Oils......Page 141
Pasture Feeding......Page 142
Production of Dairy Products Enriched in CLA......Page 144
Conclusions......Page 145
References......Page 146
Introduction......Page 153
Source of cis-9, trans-11 CLA......Page 154
Source of trans-7, cis-9 CLA......Page 159
Sources of Variation......Page 160
Lactating Dairy Cows......Page 161
Mechanisms in Lactating Dairy Cows......Page 163
Relationship to Diet-Induced Milk Fat Depression......Page 166
Responses in Other Lactating Species......Page 167
Responses in Nonlactating Animals......Page 168
Summary......Page 170
References......Page 171
Introduction......Page 181
Creating Designed Foods Enriched with CLA......Page 182
Changes in Rations Fed to Lactating Cows.......Page 183
Oil Seeds or Direct Oil Supplement to Cows.......Page 184
Beef.......Page 187
CLA Enrichment in Pork.......Page 188
CLA Enrichment in Chicken.......Page 189
CLA n-3 Enrichment in Fish.......Page 190
Summary......Page 191
Production Efficiencies.......Page 196
Composition.......Page 197
Quality.......Page 199
Composition.......Page 202
Composition.......Page 203
Quality.......Page 205
Composition.......Page 208
Quality.......Page 211
Combination......Page 212
Epidemiologic Evidence for Health Benefit of Dietary CLA......Page 215
CLA Consumption by Humans......Page 216
References......Page 218
Introduction......Page 225
Analytical Procedures.......Page 226
Statistical Analysis.......Page 228
Tissue Distribution of CLA Isomers.......Page 229
Effect of Dietary CLA and Beef Fat Treatment on Tissue Fatty Acid Composition.......Page 233
Results of the Bone Histomorphometric Measurements.......Page 234
Discussion......Page 248
References......Page 254
Introduction......Page 258
CLA and LOX Inhibition......Page 259
CLA and SCD......Page 260
Inhibiting SCD Activity as a Possible Key......Page 261
References......Page 263
In Vivo Studies.......Page 266
Effect of CLA Feeding on The Other Fatty Acid Metabolism.......Page 267
Occurrence in Human Tissues.......Page 269
Biosynthesis from Vaccenic Acid.......Page 270
References......Page 271
Mammary Gland......Page 274
Biological and Biochemical Changes in the Animal Mammary Gland Induced by CLA Feeding That May Prevent Carcinogenesis......Page 276
Colon......Page 277
Metastasis......Page 278
Mechanisms of Action of CLA In Vivo......Page 279
Mechanisms of Action of CLA in Human Cancer Cells......Page 280
Effects of CLA on Cell Transcription Factor Activity......Page 283
Anticancer Effects of Other, Non-Linoleic, Conjugated Fatty Acids......Page 284
References......Page 285
Introduction......Page 290
Immune-Induced Wasting Cachexia......Page 291
Evidence That Dietary CLA May Promote a Th-1 Type Immune Response......Page 294
Conclusions......Page 296
References......Page 297
Experimental Studies......Page 299
Discussion......Page 305
References......Page 307
CLA Alters Mass and Distribution of Adipose Tissue......Page 309
CLA Modulates Metabolic Parameters of Type 2 Diabetes......Page 311
Possible Mechanisms of Action of CLA to Modulate Insulin Action and Type 2 Diabetes......Page 316
Summary......Page 318
References......Page 319
Evidence from Animal Studies......Page 323
Evidence from Clinical Trials......Page 324
Summary and Conclusions......Page 328
References......Page 329