Advances in Computers, Vol. 77

Copyright......Page 1
Contributors......Page 2
Preface......Page 7
Abstract......Page 10
Science......Page 11
Politics......Page 12
Photo Forensics......Page 13
Lighting Direction (2D)......Page 14
Lighting Direction (3D)......Page 19
Lighting Environment......Page 29
Color Filter Array......Page 41
JPEG Ghosts......Page 50
Discussion......Page 59
References......Page 62
Abstract......Page 65
Introduction......Page 66
Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Displays......Page 67
Advances in Wall Displays......Page 68
Advances in Portable Displays......Page 69
Touch Interfaces......Page 71
Advances in Stereoscopic Displays......Page 73
The CAVE......Page 74
The GeoWall......Page 75
Autostereo Walls......Page 76
In the Workplace......Page 78
The Tradeshow Conferences......Page 79
Research Labs......Page 81
Middleware for Scalable Content Rendering......Page 82
High-Speed Networking for Scalable Content Display......Page 83
References......Page 84
Playing with All Senses: Human-Computer Interface Devices for Games......Page 86
Introduction......Page 87
Typology......Page 89
Buttons, Keys, and Keyboards......Page 90
Mice, Joysticks, Faders, and Similar......Page 92
Pen and Touch Input......Page 94
Inertial Sensors......Page 97
Cameras......Page 99
Specific Position and Orientation Sensors......Page 102
Displays......Page 104
Standard Screens and Projected Displays......Page 105
Stereoscopy......Page 106
Audio Input......Page 108
Audio Output......Page 109
Tactile, Haptic, and Locomotion Interfaces......Page 110
Kinetic Devices and Robots......Page 113
Biosignal Sensors......Page 115
Conclusion......Page 117
References......Page 119
Abstract......Page 123
Prologue......Page 124
What Is the ``P  NP?´´ Problem?......Page 125
What Is an Efficient Reduction?......Page 126
Why Is This an Audacious Notion?......Page 127
Why Was This Such a Big Deal?......Page 129
Definition 3......Page 130
The Class NP......Page 131
Definition 4......Page 132
Subclasses of P......Page 133
What Is the ``P  NP?´´ Problem?......Page 134
Cryptography......Page 135
Understanding the World......Page 136
Small Circuits and the Polynomial Hierarchy......Page 137
Theorem 5 [45]......Page 138
Interactive Proofs and Probabilistically Checkable Proofs......Page 139
AM and NP......Page 142
Average-Case Complexity......Page 143
The Isomorphism Conjecture......Page 144
Nonrelativizing Proof Techniques......Page 146
Conclusions: What Would a Solution Mean?......Page 147
References......Page 149
Abstract......Page 154
Introduction......Page 155
Types......Page 157
Implicit Type Declarations......Page 158
Dynamic Typing......Page 159
Safe and Unsafe Typing......Page 160
Terminology Summary......Page 161
Overly Permissive Types......Page 162
Type System Complexity......Page 163
Type Systems' Correctness......Page 164
History......Page 165
Lisp and Its Derivatives......Page 166
Smalltalk......Page 167
Text-Processing Languages......Page 168
Prototyping Languages......Page 169
Defining Features......Page 170
Built-in Data Types......Page 171
Metaprogramming......Page 172
Reflection......Page 173
Compile-Time Metaprogramming......Page 174
Continuations......Page 175
"Batteries Included" Libraries......Page 176
Portability......Page 177
Interactivity......Page 178
Compile-Link-Run Cycle......Page 179
Performance......Page 180
Debugging......Page 181
Types as Documentation......Page 182
Optional Types......Page 183
Analysis......Page 184
Acknowledments......Page 185
References......Page 186
Factors Influencing Software Development Productivity-State-of-the-Art and Industrial Experiences......Page 190
Introduction......Page 192
Review of Industrial Experiences......Page 195
Review Scope and Criteria......Page 196
Study Limitations......Page 198
Demographical Information......Page 199
Aggregation of the Review Results......Page 200
Classification of Influence Factors......Page 201
Context-Specific Factors......Page 202
Development-Type-Specific Factors......Page 203
Domain-Specific Factors......Page 205
Summary of Literature Review......Page 207
Demographics......Page 210
Cross-Context Factors......Page 211
Context-Specific Factors......Page 212
Study-Specific Factors......Page 213
Domain-Specific Factors......Page 215
Summary of Industrial Experiences......Page 216
Application Domain......Page 218
Development Type......Page 219
Process Maturity......Page 220
Development Team Characteristics......Page 223
Schedule/Effort Distribution......Page 226
Use of Tools and Methods......Page 227
Software Reuse......Page 229
Software Outsourcing......Page 232
Factor Definition and Interpretation......Page 234
Factor Selection......Page 235
Factor Dependencies......Page 236
Model Quantification......Page 237
Summary and Conclusions......Page 238
References......Page 240
Abstract......Page 247
Evaluating Software Architectural Designs......Page 249
Overview of the EBEAM......Page 251
Identifying Design Characteristics (I-1)......Page 253
Minimized Coupling......Page 254
Appropriate Use of Design Patterns and Architectural Styles......Page 255
Proper Use of Information Hiding (Including Interfaces)......Page 256
Minimized Concurrency and Threads......Page 257
Comments on the Excluded Characteristics......Page 258
Definition of Goal and Alternatives......Page 259
Prioritization of Design Characteristics......Page 260
Aggregating the Contribution of Design Characteristics to Modifiability (I-4)......Page 261
Evaluation of Design Candidates for a Fixed Characteristic (II-2)......Page 262
Computing the Weight for Local Experts (II-3)......Page 264
Combining the Design Modifiability Matrices of All Experts (III-1)......Page 265
Determine the Distance from the Target Design......Page 266
Context......Page 267
Evaluating TSAFE Designs Using EBEAM......Page 268
Results from Stage I: Contribution of Design Characteristics to Modifiability......Page 269
Results from Stage II: Evaluation of TSAFE Designs......Page 272
Results from Stage III: Overall Modifiability of TSAFE Designs......Page 274
Defining and Selecting the Objective Metrics......Page 277
Fan-In/Fan-Out Metric......Page 278
Interfaces Metrics......Page 279
Expert-Judgment Using EBEAM on Selected Design Characteristics......Page 280
Comparing the Objective and Subjective Measures on TSAFE Architectural Designs......Page 281
CASE STUDY II: The Application of EBEAM to CGS Designs......Page 284
Context......Page 285
Evaluating CGS Designs and Results......Page 286
Applicability of the EBEAM Technique......Page 289
Benefits of EBEAM......Page 290
Limitations......Page 291
Related Work......Page 292
Summary......Page 295
Appendix A: UML Models for TSAFE Architectural Designs......Page 296
References......Page 298
Abstract......Page 302
Introduction......Page 303
A Brief Primer on the Common Law......Page 304
Common Law Actions and the Internet......Page 305
Trespass to Chattels......Page 306
Will Nuisance Emerge as a Viable Action in Internet Law?......Page 307
The Future of Pop-up Ads, Spyware, and Adware......Page 308
The Common Law Versus Statutes......Page 309
A Study in Failure to Protect Third Parties: The XYC Corp.......Page 310
Delfino v. Agilent Technologies: A Case of Competence......Page 312
Employer Liability Without Fault-The Doctrine of Respondeat Superior......Page 313
Intentional Harm on the Internet......Page 314
Cybertorts......Page 315
Why the Court Said XYC Was Liable......Page 316
Conclusion......Page 318
Endnote Legal Definitions*......Page 319
References......Page 320
B......Page 322
C......Page 323
D......Page 324
G......Page 325
I......Page 326
K......Page 327
M......Page 328
N......Page 329
R......Page 330
S......Page 331
T......Page 332
W......Page 333
Z......Page 334
B......Page 335
C......Page 336
E......Page 337
H......Page 338
K......Page 339
O......Page 340
P......Page 341
S......Page 342
T......Page 343
W......Page 344
Contents of Volumes in This Series......Page 345