Advances in Computer Methods and Geomechanics: IACMAG Symposium 2019 Volume 1

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Dynamic Soil–Foundation–Structure Interaction for Bunds in Goa
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Dynamic Soil–Foundation–Structure Interaction (DSFSI)
	2 Literature Review
	3 Applications of DSFSI
		3.1 Modern Structures
		3.2 Historic Structures
		3.3 Traditional Goan Saraswat Bunds
	4 Kinematic and Inertial Effects of Seismic Waves
	5 Methods of Analyses
		5.1 Direct Approach
		5.2 Substructure Approach
		5.3 Macroelements Approach
		5.4 Computer Aided Design
	6 DSFSI of Bunds
		6.1 Damping from Coconut Tree
		6.2 Damping from Coconut Roots
		6.3 Results and Discussions
	7 Conclusions
	References
Bearing Capacity of Inclined Reinforced Sand Bed on Clay
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Definition and Formulation
	3 Method of Analysis
		3.1 Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Sand Bed on Soft Clay
		3.2 Bond Resistance of Inclined Downward Reinforcement
		3.3 Modified Width of Excavation for Reinforced Sand Bed Due to Downward Inclination of Reinforcement
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 quir* Versus Lr/B: Effect of α
		4.2 Effect of γB/c
		4.3 quir* Verses α—Effect of ϕ
		4.4 Variation of quir* with α: Effect of w
	5 Conclusions
	References
Deaggregation of Seismic Hazards for Two Different Sites in Indore Region
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology Adopted
	3 Seismicity of the Area
	4 Seismic Sources
	5 Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs)
	6 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA)
	7 Results and Discussions
		7.1 Seismicity Computation
		7.2 Deaggregation of the Seismic Hazard
	8 Conclusion
	References
Uncertainties of Shear Forces and Bending Moments in Retaining Wall Due to Earthquake Loading
	1 Introduction
	2 Model Description
	3 Uncertainties Due to Earthquake Motion
	4 Interpretations of the Uncertainties Observed
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Comparative Study on Shear Behavior of Pure Sand and Micaceous Sand Under Undrained Monotonic and Dynamic Loading Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Material Properties and Specimen Preparation
		2.2 Testing Procedure
		2.3 Evaluation of Monotonic and Dynamic Triaxial Testing Data
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Monotonic Shear Behavior
		3.2 Dynamic Shear Behavior
	4 Comparative Analysis of Micaceous Sand and Pure Sand
	5 Conclusions
	References
Comparative Behavior of Mechanical Response of Earth Retaining Structures with Two Different Material Models
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Need of Retaining Structures in Goa
		1.2 Types of Retaining Structures in Goa
		1.3 Retaining Walls with Relieving Shelves
	2 Soils of Goa
		2.1 Soil Profile of Goa
		2.2 Properties of Soil Used in the Model
	3 Constitutive Models
		3.1 Types of Constitutive Models
		3.2 Mohr–Coulomb Model (MC)
		3.3 Hardening Soil Model (HS)
	4 Constitutive Modeling Using MIDAS GTS NX
		4.1 Model Geometry and Analysis Using MIDAS GTS NX
		4.2 Comparison of Displacements of Retaining Wall
		4.3 Comparison of Stresses at Different Heights of Retaining Wall
	5 Conclusions
	References
Post-liquefaction Reconsolidation and Undrained Cyclic Behaviour of Chang Dam Soil
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Material Properties and Specimen Preparation
		2.2 Testing Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Post-Liquefaction Reconsolidation Behavior Under Repeated Multilevel Cyclic Loading
		3.2 Post-liquefaction Undrained Stress–Strain and Pore Pressure Behavior Under Repeated Multilevel Cyclic Loading
		3.3 Effective Stress Path Behavior Under Repeated Multilevel Cyclic Loading
	4 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Stress History on Stress–Strain and Volumetric Response of Laterite Soil Under Undrained and Drained Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Material Properties
	3 Specimen Preparation and Experimental Programme
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Effect of Stress History on Stress–Strain and Pore Pressure Response of Yellow Laterite Soil Under Undrained Triaxial (CIUC) Testing Conditions
		4.2 Effect of Stress History on Stress–Strain and Volumetric Response of Laterite Soil Under Drained Triaxial (CIDC) Testing Conditions
	5 Conclusions
	References
Sensitivity Analysis of Pore Morphology Method and X-Ray CT Imaging in SWCC Predictions for Ottawa Sand
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 X-Ray CT Imaging
		2.3 Image Processing
		2.4 Pore Morphology Method
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 SWCC Predictions Including the Impact of X-Ray Resolution
		3.2 Effect of Variation in Contact Angle on SWCC Predictions
		3.3 Effect of Variation in Density on SWCC Predictions
		3.4 Hysteresis Due to Nonuniform Pore Size Distribution
		3.5 Experimental Validation
		3.6 Distribution of Pore Water and Pore Air
	4 Conclusion
	References
Safety Factor and Failure Mechanism in Geotechnical Engineering: A Numerical Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Upper Bound Procedure Using ES-FEM and SOCP
	3 Stability and Failure Mechanism of Some Typical Problems in Geotechnical Engineering
		3.1 Bearing Capacity of Footing Strips
		3.2 The Stability of Slope
		3.3 The Stability of Footing Strip Resting on Slope
		3.4 Stability of Circular and Square Tunnels
	4 Conclusions
	References
Linear Static and Dynamic Analyses of Reinforced Concrete Spherical Dome Structure Under Seismic Loads
	1 Introduction
	2 Software Details (SAP 2000)
	3 Modelling of Spherical Dome Structure
	4 Modal Analysis
	5 Linear Static Analysis of Shell and Spatial Structure
	6 Linear Dynamic Analysis of Shell and Spatial Structure
	7 Results and Discussion
		7.1 Displacement
		7.2 Membrane Forces
		7.3 Membrane Stresses
		7.4 Base Reaction
	8 Conclusions
	References
Shear Behavior of Geotextile-Reinforced Silty Sand Using Static Triaxial Testing
	1 Introduction
	2 Test Materials
		2.1 Soil
		2.2 Reinforcement Material
	3 Sample Preparation and Testing Procedure
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Deviator Stress–Axial Strain Behavior
		4.2 Effective Stress Path and Excess Pore Pressure Generation
		4.3 Strength Difference
		4.4 Variation of Peak Deviator Stress with Confining Pressure
	5 Failure Envelope
	6 Mode of Failure
	7 Finite Element Analysis
	8 Conclusions
	References
Pseudo-static Slope Stability Analysis for Cohesive-Frictional Soil by Using Variational Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Statement and Mathematical Background
	3 Analytical Formulation of the Problem
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Comparison of Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
Bearing Capacity of Clayey Soil Reinforced with Geogrid
	1 Introduction
	2 Objective and Scope of Present Study
	3 Material Properties and Test Procedure
	4 Testing Procedure
	5 Comparison and Test Results
		5.1 Effect of Reinforcement’s Top Spacing
		5.2 Effect of Number of Reinforcement Layers
		5.3 Effect of Vertical Spacing Between Reinforcements Layers
		5.4 Effect of Reinforcement Type and Stiffness
	6 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Water Absorbing Polymer Amendment on Water Retention Properties of Cohesionless Soil
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methodology
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Experimental Methodology
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Geosynthetic Stiffness on the Behaviour of Encased Stone Columns Installed in Lithomargic Clay
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Analyses
		2.1 Case Study Considered
		2.2 Numerical Model
		2.3 Parametric Studies
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Settlement-Time Response
		3.2 Bulging Characteristics
		3.3 Excess Pore Water Pressure
	4 Conclusions
	References
Numerical Investigation of the Vertical Response of Bucket Foundations Supporting Offshore Wind Turbines in Sand
	1 Introduction
	2 Finite Element Modelling
	3 Analysis of Results
		3.1 Load-Settlement Response Under Vertical Loading
		3.2 Effect of Aspect Ratio on Ultimate Vertical Capacity
		3.3 Failure Mechanisms of the Foundation Types
		3.4 Effect of Soil Plug on Ultimate Vertical Capacity
		3.5 Comparison of Ultimate Vertical Capacities of Surface and Bucket Foundations
		3.6 Settlement Under Superstructure Load
	4 Conclusions
	References
Elasto-Plastic 3D FE Analysis of the Seismic Behavior in Culvert Longitudinal Direction of Three-Hinge Type of Precast Arch Culverts
	1 Introduction
	2 Outline of Numerical Analysis
		2.1 FEM Modeling for Seismic Behavior in Culvert Longitudinal Direction
		2.2 FEM Mesh and Analysis Case
		2.3 Mechanical Properties of Soil
		2.4 Interface of Arch Members
		2.5 Model of Mouth Wall
		2.6 Input Wave
	3 Dynamic Analysis Results
		3.1 Seismic Behavior in Culvert Longitudinal Direction
		3.2 Stress Condition of Three-Hinged Arch Culvert
	4 Conclusions
	References
Optimal Foundation Solution for Rail Embankment Resting on Deep Soft Clay Deposits
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Motivation
		1.2 Objective
	2 Optimal Foundation Solution
		2.1 Concept of Vibro Stone Columns
	3 Case Study: Western Coast Port in India
		3.1 Embankment and Track Details
		3.2 Subsoil Condition
		3.3 Design of Optimal Foundation
		3.4 Quality Assurance and Control
		3.5 Post-performance Tests
	4 Observations and Conclusions
	Reference
Protection of Buried Pipelines Using Geosynthetics Under Different Loading Conditions—A Review
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Buried Pipes
		1.2 Overview of Geosynthetics
		1.3 Existing Pipeline Scenario in India
		1.4 Incidents of Pipeline Damages
	2 Behavior of Buried Pipe Protected with Geosynthetics
		2.1 Static Loading
		2.2 Dynamic Loading
		2.3 Permanent Ground Deformation (PGD)
		2.4 Accidental Damage
		2.5 Uplift Pressure
		2.6 Explosion
	3 Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
Experimental and Numerical Study on Compacted Sand Bentonite-Tire Fiber Composite for Landfill Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methodology
		2.1 Material
		2.2 Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression Tests (CU)
		2.3 Determination of Volumetric Shrinkage and Desiccation Cracking of Sand Bentonite—Fiber Composite
		2.4 MSW Slope Stability Analysis by Numerical Techniques
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Hydraulic Conductivity (K) of Sand Bentonite-Tire Fiber Composite
		3.2 Influence of Tire Fiber on Mechanical Behavior of Sand Bentonite Blend
		3.3 Effect of Tire Fiber on VS, CDF, and CIF
		3.4 Numerical Analysis
		3.5 Stability Analysis of the Liner
	4 Conclusion
	References
Interference Behavior of Four Adjacent Footings on Geosynthetic Reinforced Sand
	1 Introduction
	2 Objective and Scope
	3 Materials and Experimental Program
		3.1 Materials
		3.2 Test Setup
		3.3 Testing Procedure
		3.4 Testing Program
	4 Result and Discussions
		4.1 Effect of Footing Placement Pattern
		4.2 Effect of Depth of Footing (D/B)
		4.3 Effect of Type of Reinforcement
		4.4 Effect of Number of Reinforcement Layers (N)
	5 Conclusions
	References
Numerical Modeling of Massive Timber Piles Supporting Double-Span Stone Arch Bridge Damaged in 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake
	1 Introduction
	2 Structural Features of Tokiwa Bridge
	3 Constitutive Model of Soil and Parameter Setting
		3.1 Subloading tij Model
		3.2 Triaxial Testing of Site Soils and Parameter Selection
		3.3 Confirmation of Soil Parameters Through Lateral and Vertical Pile Load Test Analyses
	4 Modeling of Massive Timber Piles as an Area of Hypothetical Ground Improvement
		4.1 Pushover Analysis Modeling Timber Piles as Hybrid Elements
		4.2 Pushover Analysis Modeling Timber Piles as Ground Improvement
	5 Conclusions
	References
Behavioural Study on Geomaterial Undergoing Chemo-Mechanical Degradation
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Test Setup
	3 Experimental Program
		3.1 Stagnant Test
		3.2 Flowing Test
	4 Results
		4.1 Stagnant Test
		4.2 Flowing Test
	5 A Discussion on Conceptual Modelling
	6 Conclusions
	References
Influence of Nonhomogeneous Viscosity on the Dynamics of Debris Flow: A Numerical Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Computational Framework
	3 Problem Description
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusions
	References
Design of Water Retaining Embankment Using Geosynthetics for Hydraulic Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Water Retaining Embankment with Vertical Drainage Composite
		2.1 Vertical Drainage Composite
		2.2 Drainage Trench
		2.3 Horizontal Drainage System
		2.4 Horizontal Drainage Composite
	3 Water Retaining Embankment with Horizontal Drainage Composite
		3.1 Horizontal Drainage Composite
	4 Summary
	References
A Numerical Study on the Effect of Initial Void Ratio and Areal Extent of Heterogeneity on Instability Onset in Granular Media
	1 Introduction
	2 Plane Strain Problem Formulation—Geometry and Material Model
	3 Mesh Sensitivity and Perturbation Intensity Dependence of Instability Onset
	4 Effect of Initial Void Ratio (e0) on Instability Onset
	5 Patch Area (A) Effect on Instability Onset for a Particular Perturbation Intensity
	6 Conclusions
	References
A Comparative Study on Various Codes and Current Practices for Design of Caissons
	1 Introduction
		1.1 General
		1.2 Review of Literature
	2 Theories
		2.1 Maximum Scour Depth
		2.2 Load Combinations
		2.3 Stresses and Moments
	3 Design Data and Calculations
		3.1 Scour Calculation
		3.2 Stress and Moment Calculation
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusions
	References
New Prediction Models for Compressive Strength of GGBS-Based Geopolymer Clays Using Swarm Assisted Optimization
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Investigation
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Tests Performed
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 SEM Characterization
		3.2 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSO)
		3.3 Application of PSO for Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) Estimation
		3.4 PSO Assessment Results for Estimation
	4 Conclusions
	Appendix 1
	References
Factors Influencing Transient Response of Shallow Strip Footing on Granular Soil Subjected to Vertical Pulse Load
	1 Introduction
	2 Finite Element Model
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Development of Empirical Equation for Nondimensional Settlement
	4 Conclusions
	References
Analysis of Heave Behaviour of Expansive Soil Provided with Granular Pile Anchors Using Plaxis
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Previous Work
		2.2 Heave Stake Test
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Input Data
		3.2 Boundary Condition
		3.3 Initial Condition
		3.4 Calculation Phases
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Swell Potential and Percentage of Heave Reduction
		4.2 Comparison of Numerical Analysis and Field Study
	5 Conclusions
	References
Comparison of Theoretical and Laboratory Permeability for Coarse-Grained Soil
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Established Empirical Formulae
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Result and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Seismic Wave Propagation in Layered Liquefiable Soils
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Modelling
		2.1 Soil Model
		2.2 Loading
		2.3 Boundary Conditions
	3 Site Response Results for Liquefiable Soil Layer Sandwiched Between Non-liquefying Soil Layers
		3.1 Acceleration Time History, Excess Pore Pressure Development and Displacement at the Surface
	4 Site Response Results for Non-liquefying Soil Layer Sandwiched Between Liquefiable Soil Layers
		4.1 Acceleration Time History, Excess Pore Pressure Development and Displacement History at the Surface
	5 Amplification of Frequencies in Soil Profile 1 and 2
	6 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Soil Spatial Variability on Lateral Response of Well Foundation Embedded in Linear Elastic Soil
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Definition and Analysis Methodology
		2.1 Problem Definition
		2.2 Winkler Model for Analysis of Well Foundation
		2.3 Modeling Soil Spatial Variability
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Comparative Study on the Design of Flexible Faced and Rigid Faced Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Walls
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of Data for Design
	3 Design of Flexible Faced GRS Wall as per BS 8006
	4 Design of Rigid Faced GRS Wall as per RTRI (Japanese Code)
	5 Comparison of Design
		5.1 Configuration
		5.2 Earth Pressure Force
		5.3 Fascia
		5.4 Cost
		5.5 Safety
		5.6 Construction Issues
	6 Conclusions
	References
Screening of Train-Induced Vibration with Open Trench—A Numerical Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Definition and Basic Assumptions
	3 Model Development
		3.1 Material Properties
		3.2 Loading Pattern
		3.3 Finite Element Modeling
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Finite Element Model Verification
		4.2 Free Field Response
		4.3 Screening Efficiency of OT
	5 Conclusions
	References
Experimental Comparative Study on Strength Parameters of Concrete Assimilating Glass Fibers of Fine Aggregate, Cement with Rubber and GGBS
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Effect of Glass Fibers
	4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Study on River Bed Material and Numerical Analysis of Stabilized Road Embankment on Soft Soil
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Programme
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Methodology
		2.3 Engineering Properties
	3 Numerical Study
		3.1 Development of FE Model Using Plaxis
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Validation of Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Adsorption and Hydraulic Conductivity Studies on Bentonites in the Presence of Zinc
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity
		2.2 Batch Study
		2.3 Adsorption Isotherm
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Hydraulic Conductivity
		3.2 Batch Study
		3.3 Isotherm Study
	4 Conclusions
	References
Development of Soft Soil Improvement Scheme for Lateral Stability of Railway Bridge Abutment
	1 Introduction
	2 Ground Improvement
		2.1 Subsoil Condition at Site
		2.2 Sand Compaction Pile Design
		2.3 Design Criteria
	3 PLAXIS 3D Model
		3.1 Geometry
		3.2 Materials
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Replacement Ratio
		4.2 Lateral Displacement of Abutment
	5 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Interaction of Nearby Footings on Settlement of Foundation Under Building
	1 Introduction
	2 Finite Element Model
	3 Data Interpretation of Settlement Analysis
		3.1 Effect of Modulus of Elasticity and Building Size
		3.2 Effect of Footing Interaction Parameter
		3.3 Effect of Distance from Center of Building
		3.4 Effect of Pressure on Footing
	4 Validation of Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Evaluation of Ground Motion Scaling Techniques
	1 Introduction
	2 Problems with Current Ground Motion Scaling Techniques
	3 Ground Motion Scaling for Sikkim Earthquake, 2011
	4 Results from Nonlinear Time History Analyses
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Comparative Analysis and Behavior of Cantilever Retaining Wall with and Without Relief Shelves
	1 Introduction
	2 Influence of Shelves on Active Earth Pressure Distribution
	3 Methodology
	4 Analysis of Cases
		4.1 Analysis of CWNS
		4.2 Analysis of CWOS
		4.3 Analysis of CWTS
		4.4 Analysis of CWThS
		4.5 Analysis of CWFS
	5 Results
	6 Lateral Displacement of Retaining Walls
	7 Influence of Thickness and Length of Shelves
		7.1 Deflection of Relief Shelves
	8 Conclusions
	References
Comparative Study of Expansive and Non-expansive Soils Stabilized with Lime and Rice Husk Ash (RHA)
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Material Properties
		2.2 Testing Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Strength Property
		3.2 Microstructure and Mineralogical Properties
	4 Conclusions
	References
Energy Dissipation Response of Unsaturated Cohesive Soil Under Dynamic Loading Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Material Properties and Specimen Preparation
	3 Experimental Program
		3.1 In-Contact Filter Paper Tests
		3.2 Cyclic Triaxial Tests
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Effect of Initial Static Loading on Energy Dissipation Response of Unsaturated Cohesive Soil
		4.2 Influence of Dry Density and Water Content on Energy Dissipation Response of Unsaturated Cohesive Soil
		4.3 Effect of Matric Suction on Energy Dissipation Response of Unsaturated Cohesive Soil
	5 Conclusions
	References
Bearing Capacity of Shallow Circular and Strip Foundation Resting on Two Layered Clays
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Domain, Boundary Conditions, and Statement of the Problem
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
		4.1 Numerical Solutions
		4.2 Failure Patterns
		4.3 Nodal Velocities
	5 Comparison of Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Condition Assessment and Failure Probability of Existing Bridges in the Cachar District, Assam
	1 Introduction
	2 Condition Assessment Method
	3 Condition Rating
	4 Methodology and Analysis
		4.1 Stochastic Model
		4.2 Anderson Darling Statistics
		4.3 Weibull Distribution
		4.4 Explanation of the Parameters
		4.5 Probability of Failure of Deck Components in the Cachar District
	5 Summary and Conclusions
	References
A Comparative Deterministic and Probabilistic Stability Analysis of Rock-Fill Tailing Dam
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Subgrade Stabilization Using Non-biodegradable Waste Material
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
	2 Sample Preparation and Material Properties
		2.1 Sample Preparation
		2.2 Material Properties
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Seismic Response of Structure Isolated with Quintuple Friction Pendulum Bearing Under Directivity Focusing Earthquakes
	1 Introduction
	2 Ground Motions
	3 Properties of the Isolation System
	4 Numerical Study
	5 Behavior of QTFP Under Directivity Focusing Earthquakes
	6 Conclusions
	References
Element-Free Galerkin Method for Reinforced Timoshenko Beam on Elastic Foundation
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Method of Analysis
	2 Selection of Weight Function
	3 EFG Formulation with Lagrange Multipliers for Timoshenko Beam
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusions
	References
Dynamic Lattice Element Modelling of Cemented Geomaterials
	1 Introduction
	2 Mesh Generation and Mathematical Formulation
		2.1 Mass Matrix Generation
		2.2 Element Stiffness Matrix
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Stabilization on Characteristics of Subgrade Soil: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Effect of Soil Stabilization on Different Soil Parameters/Characteristics
		2.1 Moisture Content and Dry Density
		2.2 Soil Plasticity
		2.3 Soil Strength
		2.4 Soil Stiffness
		2.5 Permeability of Soil
		2.6 Volume Change and Cracking Characteristics of Soil
	3 Recent Developments in Utilization of Sustainable Materials for Soil Stabilization
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Anisotropy on Stress-Strain and Pore Pressure Response of Normally and Heavily Over Consolidated Nagpur Expansive Soil
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Material Properties and Specimen Preparation
		2.2 Testing Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Volume Change Behavior During Consolidation
		3.2 Normalized Stress-Strain and Pore Water Pressure Response
		3.3 Effective Stress Path Behavior
		3.4 Evolution of ‘A’ and ‘βmax’ Parameters
	4 Conclusions
	References
Study of Effect of Stiffening and Rigidity of Bearing Stratum-On Tip Load for Single and Group of Granular Piles
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Definition and Method of Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Evaluation of Macroscopic Soil Model Parameters Using the Discrete Element Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Theories (or Experiments, or Methodology)
		2.1 Hypoplasticity
		2.2 Discrete Element Method
		2.3 Calibration of Contact Parameters
		2.4 Limiting Void Ratios at Zero Pressure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Calibration of Contact Parameters
		3.2 Limiting Void Ratios at Zero Pressure
		3.3 Triaxial Test Simulations
	4 Conclusions
	References
Experimental Studies on Polyester Geo-Fabric Strengthened Masonry Elements
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Basic Material Testing
		2.2 Experimental Studies on Polyester Geo-Fabric Reinforced Mortar and Concrete
		2.3 Experimental Studies on Masonry Elements
	3 Conclusion
	References
Influence of Cementing Solution Concentration on Calcite Precipitation Pattern in Biocementation
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methodology
		2.1 Sand
		2.2 Bacteria
		2.3 Cementing Solution
		2.4 Sand Column Parameters
		2.5 Treatments
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References