Advances in Computer Methods and Geomechanics: IACMAG Symposium 2019 Volume 2

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1 Exfoliation and Extraction of Nanoclay from Montmorillonite Mineral Rich Bentonite Soil
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Material Properties
			2.1.1 Bentonite Soil
			2.1.2 Surfactant
		2.2 Testing Procedure
			2.2.1 Solution Preparation
			2.2.2 Sonication
			2.2.3 Washing
			2.2.4 Drying
	3 Results
		3.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
		3.2 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Analysis
	4 Theory
		4.1 Effect of Cationic Surfactant
		4.2 Effect of Nonionic Surfactant
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
2 Uncertainties in Water Retention Curve of Bentonite
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Database
	3 Copula Approach
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Construction of Multivariate Probabilistic Model for WRC
		4.2 Application
			4.2.1 Confidence Intervals for WRC of Bentonite
			4.2.2 Unsaturated Transient Seepage Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	References
3 Comparative Study of Backfill Retaining Systems for Onshore RCC Pile Berth Under Different Site Conditions
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
	3 Structural Layout
	4 Loads and Load Combinations
	5 Observation and Conclusions
		5.1 Observations
		5.2 Conclusions
	References
4 The Effect of Saline Fluid on Hydraulic Properties of Clays
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methodology
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
5 Influence of Shape of Cross Section on the Load–Settlement Behaviour of Strip Footings
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Finite Element Analyses
	3 Laboratory Scale Load Tests
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Influence of Shape of Cross Section
		4.2 Influence of Depth of Flange
		4.3 Bearing Capacity Ratio
	5 Conclusions
	References
6 Effect of Biopolymers on Soil Strengthening
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Experiments
		2.1 Soil Properties
		2.2 Biopolymers
		2.3 Specimen Preparation
		2.4 Test Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Effect of Biopolymers on Compaction Characteristics
		3.2 Effect of Biopolymers on Compressive Strength
	4 Conclusions
	References
7 Examination of Present Subsurface Investigation Data for Valuation of Liquefaction Potential for Ahmadabad City by Means of SPT-N Value
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Background
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Summary and Conclusions
	References
8 Improving “Shrinkage-Swelling” Response of Expansive Soil Using Bio-calcite and Exopolysaccharide Produced by Bacillus sp.
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Material Properties
		2.2 Soil Collection for Bacterial Isolation
		2.3 Bacterial Isolation
		2.4 Microbial Characterization
		2.5 Testing Procedure
			2.5.1 Procedure for MICP and EPS Production
			2.5.2 EPS Extraction and Quantification
			2.5.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy
			2.5.4 Genomic and In Silico Analysis
			2.5.5 Urease and Protease Activity
			2.5.6 Geotechnical Test on Bacteria Treated Bentonite Soil
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Screening of Bacterial Strains and Strain Identification
		3.2 Urease/Protease Activity and EPS Production
		3.3 Improvement in the Geotechnical Properties of Bentonite Soil
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
9 Mitigation of Soil Liquefaction Under Strip Footing by Densification: A Numerical Investigation
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Methodology
	3 Development of Numerical Model
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusions
	References
10 Effect of Strain Rate on Strength Behaviour of Cohesionless Soil
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Friction Angle and Dilation Angle
	3 Materials and Experimental Design
	4 Results
		4.1 Variation of ϕ and ψ with Shear Strain
		4.2 Variation of Peak Friction Angle with Strain Rate
		4.3 Variation of Peak Dilation Angle with Strain Rate
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
11 Compaction and Strength Characteristics of Bentonite Rock-Quarry Dust Mixtures
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Investigations
		2.1 Materials and Properties
		2.2 Compaction Test
		2.3 Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) Test
		2.4 Details of the Setup Used to Prepare the Samples for the UCS Test
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Compaction Characteristics
		3.2 Unconfined Compressive Strength Characteristics
		3.3 Variation of UCS and Failure Axial Strain with Deformation Rates
		3.4 Variation of UCS with Rock Quarry Dust Content
	4 Conclusions
	References
12 Synthesis of Bentonite Clay-Based Geopolymer and Its Application in the Treatment of Expansive Soil
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Programme
		2.1 Material Properties and Preparation of Geopolymer
		2.2 Synthesis of Bentonite Soil-Based Geopolymer
		2.3 Characterization of Synthesized Geopolymer
		2.4 Testing Procedure
			2.4.1 Sample Preparation
			2.4.2 Liquid Limit Test (IS: 2720 (Part 5)-1985)
			2.4.3 Plastic Limit Test (IS: 2720 (Part 5)-1985)
		2.5 Differential Free Swell Index (DFSI) Test (IS: 2720 (Part 40)-1977)
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
13 A Micromechanical Study on the Effect of Initial Static Shear Stress on Cyclic Shearing Response
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Test Preparation
		2.1 Assembly Generation
		2.2 Model Parameters
	3 Test Procedure
	4 Test Results
	5 Micromechanics Behind Liquefaction
	6 Effect of Consolidation Path on Cyclic Liquefaction Resistance
	7 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
14 Study on the Behaviour of NATM Tunnel Face During Seismic Activities
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Tunnel and Geotechnical Parameters
		2.1 Tunnel Profile and Structural Properties
		2.2 Geotechnical Parameters
	3 Stability Analysis at Tunnel Face
	4 Performance of Face Support System Against Seismic Events
	5 Conclusions
	References
15 A PSO-Based Estimation of Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficients of a Rigid Retaining Wall
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
		2.1 Optimization Steps
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Effect of Soil Friction Angle on the Coefficients of Dynamic Earth Pressure
		3.2 Effects of kh and kv on Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficients
		3.3 Comparison Between Static and Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficients
		3.4 Comparison of Results Between Present Method and Previously Proposed Methods
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
16 Analytical Study on the Influence of Rigidity of Foundation and Modulus of Subgrade Reaction on Behaviour of Raft Foundation
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Background and Methodology
		2.1 Theoretical Background: Winkler’s Approach
		2.2 Methodology
		2.3 Method of Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
17 Numerical Study on the Undrained Response of Silty Sands Under Static Triaxial Loading
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials Used
	3 Hypoplastic Model
	4 Determination of Model Parameters
	5 Validation of the Model
	6 Results and Discussions
		6.1 Effect of Density Using Hypoplastic Model Simulations
		6.2 Effect of Consolidation Pressure Using Hypoplastic Model Simulations
		6.3 Steady-State Line
	7 Conclusions
	References
18 Seismic Hazard Estimation for Southwest India
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Seismic Characteristics of the Study Region
	3 Regional Seismicity and Seismogenic Sources
	4 Selection of Ground Motion Prediction Equations and Hazard Analysis
	5 Estimation of Seismic Hazard at the Surface Level
	6 Conclusions
	References
19 Assessment of Bond Strength on Geosynthetic Interlayered Asphalt Overlays Using FEM
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Numerical Modelling
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Summary
	References
20 Influence of Variabilities of Input Parameters on Seismic Site Response Analysis
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Estimation of Shear Wave Velocity Profile
	3 Selection of Input Ground Motion
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
21 3D-Continuum Numerical Analysis of Offshore Driven Pipe Pile Using Finite Difference Method
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Case Study Pile
	3 Numerical Modelling
	4 Material Properties
	5 Interfaces Between Pile and Soil
	6 Numerical Model with the Signal Matching Technique
		6.1 Damping in the Dynamic Analysis
	7 Results and Discussions
	Acknowledgements
	References
22 A Study on the Seismic Behaviour of Embankments with Pile Supports and Basal Geogrid
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Numerical Analysis
		2.2 Idealization of Soil
		2.3 Idealization of Pile Foundation
		2.4 Idealization of Reinforcement
		2.5 Modelling
		2.6 Boundary Conditions
		2.7 Loading
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Crest Displacements
		3.2 Differential Settlements at Crest
		3.3 Toe Horizontal Displacements
		3.4 Stresses at Pile Head and Foundation Soil Between Piles
		3.5 Pile Bending Moment
	4 Conclusions
	References
23 Parametric Investigation of Bridge Piers Reinforced with Shape-Memory Alloys in Plastic Hinge Regions
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 The Scope of Previous Research
	3 Numerical Investigation of Bridge Piers
		3.1 Model Validation
		3.2 Finite Element Modeling
	4 Parametric Investigation of the Bridge Piers
		4.1 Static Pushover Analysis
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Summary and Limitation of the Use of SMA in Infrastructures
	References
24 Response of Single Pile to Lateral Load with Constant Uplift
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Motivation and Objective
	3 Experimental Investigation
		3.1 Methodology
		3.2 Materials Used
			3.2.1 Sand
			3.2.2 Model Pile
		3.3 Experimental Setup
			3.3.1 Test Tank
			3.3.2 Loading Arrangement
			3.3.3 Sand Bed Preparation and Pile Installation
		3.4 Test Procedure
			3.4.1 Static Lateral Load Tests
			3.4.2 Static Uplift Load Tests
			3.4.3 Tests Under Combined Loading
	4 Numerical Study
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Pile Behavior Under Uplift Load
		5.2 Pile Behavior Under Lateral Load
		5.3 Pile Behavior Under Combined Load
	6 Conclusions
Invalid expression
	References
25 Correlation Between Shear Strength of Soils and Water Content Ratio as a Substitute for Liquidity Index
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experiments and Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Results
			3.1.1 Soil Classification
			3.1.2 Triaxial Test Sample Failure
	4 Discussions
	5 Conclusions
	References
26 Numerical Study of Embankments Supported by Ordinary and Encased Granular Columns in Peat
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Statement and Modelling
		2.1 Modeling Embankment Loaded Ordinary and Encased Granular Columns
			2.1.1 Factor of Safety Calculation Using FE Code
			2.1.2 Validation of the Numerical Model
			2.1.3 Material Properties of the Present Numerical Model
			2.1.4 Parametric Study
			2.1.5 Additional Discussions on OGC and EGC Supported Embankments
	3 Conclusions
	References
27 Experimental Investigation for Damage Evaluation of Bridges Using Piezo-Transducers
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Work
		2.1 Case Study I: Experimental Work on Truss Bridge Model
			2.1.1 Mechanical Impedance of Truss Bridge Model
			2.1.2 Frequency of Truss Bridge Model
			2.1.3 Mechanical Loss Factor for Truss Bridge Model
		2.2 Case Study II: Study of Existing Bridge Structure
			2.2.1 Observation of Under Moving Train Vibrations on Bridge Piers
			2.2.2 Observation of Vibrations at Expansion Joint Due to Moving Traffic
	3 Experimental Results
		3.1 Case Study I: Truss Bridge Model
		3.2 Case Study II: Vibration Response of Existing Bridge Structure
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
28 Effect of Magnesium Incorporation in Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation (EICP) to Improve Shear Strength of Soil
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Characteristics of the Soil
		2.2 Cementation Reagents and Enzyme
		2.3 Beaker Experiment
		2.4 Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope and X-Ray Powder Diffraction Test
		2.5 Specimen Preparation and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) Test
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Beaker Experiment
		3.2 Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)
		3.3 X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) Test
		3.4 Unconfined Compression Strength (UCS) Test
	4 Conclusions
	References
29 Performance of Structural Concrete Using Recycled Plastics as Coarse Aggregate
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Collection of Waste Plastic
		2.2 Preparation of Plastic Ingredients
		2.3 Ingredients
		2.4 Mix Design for M20
			2.4.1 Design Parameters
				Target Strength for Mix Proportion
				Selection of Water Cement Ratio
				Selection of Water Content, Slump = 100 mm
				Calculation of Cement Content
				Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate and Fine Aggregate for the Nominal Maximum Size of Aggregate 20 mm and Zone of Aggregate and Fine Aggregate of Zone 2 = 0.62
				Mix Calculation
			2.4.2 For Cube (Replacement of Coarse Aggregate by 1% of Waste Plastic)
			2.4.3 For Cylinder
			2.4.4 For Beam
		2.5 Compressive Strength
		2.6 Tensile Strength
		2.7 Flexural Strength
		2.8 Density of Concrete
	3 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
30 Effect of Ground Water Level and Seismic Intensity on Failure of a Slope
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Bishop Simplified Method
		2.2 Monte Carlo Simulations
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Effect of Slope Geometry
		3.2 Effect of Seismic Coefficient
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
31 Stability of Two-Layered Earth Slope Under Varying Rainfall Intensity
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Statement and Theory
	3 Material Properties
	4 Numerical Model
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
32 Studies on Embankment Foundations with Soft Soil Reinforced with Prestressed Geosynthetic Encapsulated in Thin Layer of Granular Soil
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Studies
		2.1 Large-Scale Direct Shear Tests
		2.2 Finite Element Analyses
		2.3 Results and Discussions
	3 Conclusions
	References
33 Influence of Reinforcement Pattern on the Performance of Geotextile-Reinforced Slopes
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material Properties
		2.1 Soil
		2.2 Geotextile
	3 Stability Analysis of Geotextile-Reinforced Slopes
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Effect of Geotextile Length (Lg)
		4.2 Effect of Horizontal Distance Between Starting Point of UDL and Crest of the Slope
		4.3 Effect of Angle of Internal Friction (ϕ) and Cohesion (c)
		4.4 Influence of Placing Pattern of Geotextile Layers
	5 Conclusions
	References
34 Use of Polypropylene Fibres for Cohesive Soil Stabilization
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
35 Analytical Investigation on High and Low Seismic Response of Zero Liquid Discharge Steel Structure
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling and Inputs
		2.1 Analytical Models
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Fundamental Time Period
		3.2 Lateral Displacement
		3.3 Storey Shear Capacity
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
36 Chemical Compatibility of Fly Ash–Bentonite Based Hydraulic Barrier
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methodology
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Geotechnical Properties
		3.2 Compaction Characteristics of Fly Ash
		3.3 Morphology of Fly Ash and Bentonite
		3.4 Geotechnical Properties of Fly Ash and Bentonite Mixtures
			3.4.1 Consistency Limits
		3.5 Effect of Chemicals on Hydraulic Conductivity Characteristics of Fly Ash–Bentonite Mixture
	4 Conclusions
	References
37 Retrofitting of Beam–Column Joint Under Seismic Excitation
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling of Building (STAAD.Pro)
	3 Finite Element Modeling
	4 Material Properties
	5 Material Parameters for ABAQUS
	6 Behavior Under Cyclic Load
	7 Experimental Investigation
		7.1 Material Details
		7.2 Retrofitting Materials
	8 Test Setup
	9 Results and Discussion
		9.1 Experimental Results
			9.1.1 Hysteretic Loops
			9.1.2 Energy Dissipation
			9.1.3 Stiffness
			9.1.4 Ductility
			9.1.5 Crack Pattern
	10 Comparison of Experimental and Analytical Results
	11 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
38 Study on Effect of Particle Shape on Interlocking
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Test Setup and Materials
		2.2 Test Details
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Macroscopic Response
		3.2 Translational Response of the Particles
		3.3 Rotational Response of the Particles
	4 Conclusions
	References
39 Correlation of Shear Wave Velocity with Standard Penetration Resistance Value for Allahabad City
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Past Studies in India and Abroad
	3 Study Area
	4 Geotechnical Information
	5 Proposed Methodology
	6 Results and Discussion
	7 Validation
	8 Conclusions
	References
40 Experimental Studies on Controlled Low Strength Materials Using Black Cotton Soils and Comparison of Results with Taguchi Model
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material Properties
		2.1 Cement
		2.2 Fly Ash
		2.3 Common Effluent Treatment Plant Sludge (CETP)
		2.4 Black Cotton Soil
	3 Experimental Program
		3.1 Grain Size Distribution Curve
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Flow and Strength
		4.2 Design of Flexible Pavement Thickness
		4.3 Analytical Investigation
			4.3.1 Comparison of Predicted Values by Taguchi Models and Experimental Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
41 Strength Improvement of Locally Available Sand Using Enzymatically-Induced Calcite Precipitation
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Sample Preparation and Test Specimens
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
42 Bio-treatment of Fly Ash
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials
		2.1 Fly Ash
		2.2 Sporosarcina Pasteurii
		2.3 Liquid Medium
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Bacterial Cell Solution Preparation
		3.2 Cementitious Solutions
		3.3 Specimen Preparation
		3.4 Laboratory Tests
			3.4.1 Triaxial Tests
			3.4.2 Permeability Tests
			3.4.3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Analysis
			3.4.4 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Index Properties
		4.2 XRD Analysis
		4.3 SEM Analysis
		4.4 Triaxial UU Tests
		4.5 Coefficient of Permeability
	5 Conclusions
	References
43 A Review of Expansive Soil—Effects and Mitigation Techniques
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Effects of Expansive Soils
		2.2 Expansion Mitigation Methods
	References
44 Vibration Control of Flexible Retention Systems
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 The Principles and Assumptions
	3 Equation of Motion for the Soil-Wall System
	4 Conclusion
	References
45 Sequential Drawdown and Rainwater Infiltration Based Stability Assessment of Earthen Dams
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Model for the Present Study
		2.1 Material Properties
	3 Analyses Methodology
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Transient State Conditions of Reservoir Operation (Flow/Deformation Analysis)
		4.2 Transient State Conditions of Reservoir Operation (Stability Analysis)
	5 Conclusions
	References
46 Water-Soluble Super Absorbent Polymer as Self-curing Agents in High-Strength Cement Concrete Mixes
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Procedures
		2.1 Properties of Superabsorbent Polymers
	3 Tests on Material
		3.1 SEM Test
		3.2 EDX Test
		3.3 Experimental Program
	4 Result and Discussions
		4.1 Compressive Strength
		4.2 Split Tensile and Flexural Strength
		4.3 Weight Loss
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
47 Pounding Probability of Three-Span Simply Supported Bridge Subjected to Near-Field and Far-Field Ground Motions
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of Bridge
	3 FE Model of The Bridge
	4 Selection of Ground Motions
	5 Fragility Function Using IDA
	6 Results and Discussion
	7 Conclusions
	References
48 Review of Seismic Performances of Partial Infill RC Frames
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Past Seismic Performances of Partial Infill RC Frames
		2.1 Damage Due to Ventilator Opening
		2.2 Damage Due to Unintended Use of Masonry Infill Around the Frame
	3 Past Experimental Studies
	4 Past Analytical and Numerical Studies
		4.1 Finite Element Model
		4.2 Equivalent Diagonal Strut Model
	5 Review of Codal Provisions
	6 Key Observation and Remedial Measures
	7 Concluding Remarks
	References
49 An Artificial Intelligence Approach for Modeling Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio of Tire Derived Geomaterials
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material Properties and Testing Procedure
	3 Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio
	4 Support Vector Regression (SVR)
	5 Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
	6 Conclusion
	References
50 Rutting Performance of PPA-Modified Binders Using Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR) Test
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials
	3 Sample Preparation
	4 Laboratory Test
	5 Results and Discussions
		5.1 Non-recoverable Creep Compliance (Jnr)
		5.2 Percent (%) Recovery
		5.3 MSCR Grade
		5.4 Comparison with Polymer-Modified Binders
	6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
51 2D Coupled Poro-Elastic Analysis for Dynamic Behaviour of CPRF
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Geometric Modelling of CPRF
	3 Loads and Boundary Conditions
	4 Method of Analysis
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
52 Performance-Based Evaluation of Building With and Without Soil Flexibility
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Base Shear at Performance Point
		3.2 Displacement at Performance Point
		3.3 Hinge Formation at Performance Point
	4 Conclusion
	References
53 Application of TS Method in Dynamic UH Model
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Dynamic UH Model
		2.1 Description of the Model
		2.2 Stress Generalization Method
	3 Transformation Stress (TS) Method
	4 The Equation of Generalized Dynamic UH Model
	5 Test Verification
	6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
54 Effect of Lime and Cement on Strength and Volume Change Behavior of Black Cotton Soil
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material Properties, Testing Programme, and Specimen Preparation
		2.1 Material Properties
		2.2 Testing Programme
		2.3 Specimen Preparation Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Influence of Lime and/or Fly Ash on Index Properties of Untreated BCS
		3.2 Effect of CaO and Cement on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Untreated and Treated BCS
		3.3 Effect of CaO and Cement on Compressibility and Swell Pressure of Untreated and Treated BCS
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
55 Strength and Deformation Characteristics of Jointed Block Rock Matrix Using Triaxial System
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Analysis
		2.1 Experimental Investigation
		2.2 Modulus of Elasticity
		2.3 Geological Strength Index
	3 Results and Analysis
		3.1 Shear Parameters and Hoek–Brown Constants
		3.2 Stress–Strain Relationship
		3.3 Failure Under Triaxial Compression Test
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
56 Fundamental Time Period of Vibration in Seismic Analysis
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Study
	3 Parameters for Analysis
		3.1 For Validation of STAAD Software Model
		3.2 For Characterization of Parameters Affecting Time Period and Its Effects
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Validation of STAAD Software Model
		4.2 Study of Different Parameters Affecting Time Period of Building
	5 Proposed Equation
	6 Conclusions
	References
57 Case Studies on Ground Improvement for Heavy Infrastructure on Soft Soil Using Basal Reinforcement
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Mechanisms
		2.1 Soil Replacement (Full or Partial)
		2.2 Prefabricated Vertical Drains
		2.3 Basal Reinforcement
		2.4 Stone Columns with and Without Geosynthetics
		2.5 Piled Embankment
	3 Case Studies
		3.1 Road Over Bridge for Connectivity between Mundra and NH8A, Gujarat
			3.1.1 Problem Description
			3.1.2 Geotechnical Investigations
			3.1.3 Solution
		3.2 Basal Reinforcement for Gangapath Expressway from Digha to Didarganj
			3.2.1 Problem Description
			3.2.2 Geotechnical Parameters
			3.2.3 Solution
		3.3 Design of Basal Reinforcement
		3.4 Basal Reinforcement in Construction of Piled Embankment for Italian High-Speed Railways
			3.4.1 Problem Description
		3.5 Solutions
	4 Conclusion
	References
58 Effect of Fascia Gravity on the Design of Reinforced Soil Walls
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Conventional Design Considering Gravity of Fascia
	3 Details of Study and Results
	4 Rigid Fascia GRS-RW Using Double-Wedge Method as Per RTRI Guidelines
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
59 Geotechnical and Electrical Resistivity Properties of Gypsum Rich Sands
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Direct Shear Strength Testing
		2.2 Collapse Potential Testing
		2.3 Electrical Resistivity Testing
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Interpretation of Electrical Resistivity Trends
	5 Conclusion
	References