Advances in Aerogel Composites for Environmental Remediation

Cover
Title page
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 - Aerogel and its composites: fabrication and properties
	Chapter Outline
	1 - Introduction
	2 - History and progress in the field of aerogels
	3 - Structure and properties of aerogels
	4 - Properties of aerogels
	5 - Synthesis of aerogels and its composites
		5.1 - Sol-gel process
		5.2 - Ageing of sol-gel
		5.3 - Drying of sol-gel
		5.4 - Carbonization
		5.5 - Silicon carbide aerogels by carbothermal reduction
	6 - Developments in aerogels and its composites
		6.1 - Silica aerogels
		6.2 - Organic aerogels
		6.3 - Carbon aerogels
		6.4 - Carbon nanotubes and graphene aerogels
		6.5 - Silicon carbide aerogels
		6.6 - Carbonaceous aerogels
	7 - Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2 - Natural aerogels for pollutant removal
	Chapter Outline
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Properties
		2.1 - Porosity of aerogel
	3 - Types of aerogels
	4 - Important natural aerogels in pollutant removal
		4.1 - Noncellulose aerogel-type oil sorbents
		4.2 - Cellulose aerogel-type oil sorbents
		4.3 - Carbon aerogel extracted from pomelo peel
		4.4 - Nanocellulose-derived carbon aerogels
		4.5 - Carbon based aerogel
		4.6 - Carbon fiber aerogel (CFA)
	5 - Pollutant removal with cellulosic materials
	6 - Biomedical application of jackfruit aerogel
	7 - Advantages of natural aerogels in pollutant removal
	8 - Adsorption constants of some important natural adsorbents
	9 - Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3 - Biomedical applications of aerogel
	Chapter Outline
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Aerogel biomaterials for biomedical applications
		2.1 - Lignin-based aerogels
		2.2 - Pectin-based aerogels
		2.3 - Alginate-based aerogels
		2.4 - Starch-based aerogels
		2.5 - Chitosan-based aerogels
		2.6 - Protein-based aerogels
	3 - Bio-medical applications of aerogels
		3.1 - Antifungal and antibacterial activity
		3.2 - Aerogel in cancer treatment
		3.3 - Aerogel in drug development and delivery
		3.4 - Aerogel in diagnosis and bioimaging
		3.5 - Aerogel in orthopedics
		3.6 - Aerogel in implants
		3.7 - Aerogel in tissue engineering
		3.8 - Aerogel in identification of nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)
		3.9 - Aerogel as stem cell
	4 - Conclusions and future prospects
	References
Chapter 4 - Carbon aerogel composites for gas sensing
	Chapter Outline
	1 - Introduction
		1.1 - What is aerogel
		1.2 - Past to present aspects of aerogel
		1.3 - Carbon aerogel composite
	2 - Synthesis of carbon aerogel composite
		2.1 - Sol-gel transition (gelation)
		2.2 - Network perfection (aging)
		2.3 - Gel-aerogel transition (drying)
			2.3.1 - Supercritical drying (aerogels)
			2.3.2 - Freeze drying (cryogels)
			2.3.3 - Oven/ambient pressure drying (xerogels)
		2.4 - Carbonization process
	3 - Potential applications of carbon aerogel composite
		3.1 - Electronic and energy storage
		3.2 - Catalysts and catalytic supports
		3.3 - Water treatment
		3.4 - Thermal insulators and flame retardants
		3.5 - Gas storage and separation
			3.5.1 - Sensors
			3.5.2 - Gas sensors
	4 - Role of carbon-based aerogel composite in gas sensing
	5 - Mechanism of gas sensing by carbon aerogel composites
	6 - Conclusions
	References
Chapter 5 - Conducting polymer-based aerogels for energy and environmental remediation
	Chapter Outline
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Conducting polymers
	3 - Conducting polymer aerogels (CPAs)
		3.1 - Synthesis of conducting polymer aerogels
		3.2 - Synthesis of gel precursors
		3.3 - PEDOT gel
		3.4 - PPy aerogel from PPy hydrogel
		3.5 - PANI aerogel from PANI hydrogel
	4 - Application of conducting polymer aerogels (CPAs)
		4.1 - VOC sensing
		4.2 - Adsorbing and separation
		4.3 - Electrochemical energy storage
		4.4 - Pressure sensing
		4.5 - Strain sensors
	5 - Outlook: challenges and prospects
	References
Chapter 6 - Aerogels in photocatalysis
	Chapter Outline
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Powdered photocatalysts
	3 - Aerogel photocatalyst
		3.1 - Metal-based aerogels
		3.2 - Organic-based aerogel
		3.3 - Carbon aerogels
		3.4 - Silica aerogel
		3.5 - Hybrid aerogels
	4 - Properties of high-quality aerogel photocatalyst
	5 - The effect of various parameters on photocatalysis
		5.1 - The effect of solution pH
		5.2 - Concentration and nature of pollutants
		5.3 - Effect of dopant
	6 - Conclusions and future prospects
	References
Chapter 7 - Aerogels for waterborne pollutants purification
	Chapter Outline
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Waterborne pollutants
		2.1 - Effects of waterborne pollutants on human health
	3 - Aerogels
		3.1 - Classification of aerogels
		3.2 - Application of aerogels in waterborne pollutants purification
	References
Chapter 8 - Aerogel and its composites for sensing, adsorption, and photocatalysis
	Chapter Outline
	1 - Brief historical background and definition of aerogels
	2 - Aerogels and related materials
	3 - Water pollutions and remediation
	4 - Role of aerogels and its composites
	5 - Summary and future prospects
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 9 - Metal and metal oxides aerogels in purification systems
	Chapter Outline
	1 - Overview of metal and metal oxides aerogels
	2 - Aerogels: classification and basics properties
	3 - Basic properties of metal and oxide-based aerogels
		3.1 - Porosity, hardness, and functionalization in aerogels
	4 - Fabrication of metal and metal oxides as an aerogel
	5 - Synthesis methods of aerogels
		5.1 - Brief elaboration
		5.2 - Sol-gel synthesis
		5.3 - Ageing of gels
		5.4 - Drying of gels
	6 - Role of metals, metal-oxides aerogels in purification system
		6.1 - Advances of aerogels in purification system
		6.2 - Metal oxides kinds of colorful aerogels
		6.3 - Metal, metal oxides-based aerogels in purification system
			6.3.1 - Removal of pollutants in the gas phase
			6.3.2 - Water treatment
	7 - Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 10 - Adsorptive removals of pollutants using aerogels and its composites
	Chapter Outline
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Environmental air and water pollutants
	3 - Adsorptive removal of environmental air and water pollutants
		3.1 - Removal of CO2 air pollutant
		3.2 - Removal of volatile organic compounds air pollutants
		3.3 - Removal of heavy metal ions from contaminated water
		3.4 - Removal of oil and toxic organic compounds from waste water
		3.5 - Adsorption and photocatalysis applications of aerogels for environmental remediation
	4 - Conclusions
	References
Chapter 11 - Aerogels as microbial disinfectant
	Chapter Outline
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Aerogel synthesis
	3 - Aerogels for as antimicrobial agents
	4 - Aerogel for virus detection
	5 - Biocompatibility of aerogel
	6 - Aerogel intracellular uptake, biocompatibility, toxicity, biodegradability
	7 - Aerogel control release of drugs
	8 - Conclusion and prospects
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 12 - Carbon aerogels for environmental remediation
	Chapter Outline
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Preparation of carbon aerogels
		2.1 - Synthesis of activated carbon aerogels
		2.2 - Synthesis of graphene aerogel
		2.3 - Synthesis of carbon nanotube aerogel
		2.4 - Synthesis of carbon fiber aerogel
		2.5 - Synthesis of nanocellulose aerogel
	3 - Application of carbon aerogels
		3.1 - Carbon aerogels for CO2 capture
		3.2 - Carbon aerogels for VOC removal
		3.3 - Carbon aerogels for oil recovery from water
		3.4 - Carbon aerogels for heavy-metal ion removal from water
	4 - Conclusions
	5 - Challenges and future directions
	References
Chapter 13 - Aerogels in the environment protection
	Chapter Outline
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Synthesis method
		2.1 - Sol-gel process
			2.2 - Critical drying method
	3 - Application in environmental protection
		3.1 - Metal and metal oxides based aerogels
			3.1.1 - Binary composites
			3.1.2 - Ternary composites
		3.2 - Graphene-based aerogels
	4 - Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 14 - Carbon-based conducting polymers aerogels and their sensing behavior
	Chapter Outline
	1 - Introduction
		1.1 - Properties of conducting aerogels
		1.2 - Conducting aerogels for VOC’s sensing
	2 - Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	Reference
Chapter 15 - Heavy metals scavenging using multidentate/multifunctional aerogels and their composites
	Chapter Outline
	1 - Introduction
		1.1 - Synthesis of carbon aerogels
		1.2 - Sol-gel process
		1.3 - Resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) carbon aerogel
		1.4 - Graphene aerogel
			1.4.1 - Aging
			1.4.2 - Drying
			1.4.3 - Supercritical drying
			1.4.4 - Freeze-drying
			1.4.5 - Ambient drying pressure
		1.5 - Comparative study of different drying techniques
	2 - Beneficent properties of aerogels/aerogel composites for heavy metal scavenging
		2.1 - Surface area and porosity
	3 - Functionalization and their relation with metal scavenging
	4 - Functional aerogels for metal removal
	5 - Conclusion and perspectives
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 16 - Applications of nanocarbon-based aerogels in purifying industrial wastewater
	Chapter Outline
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Synthesis of carbon aerogels
		2.1 - Carbon nanotube-based aerogels
		2.2 - Graphene-based aerogels
		2.3 - Graphene oxide-based aerogels
	3 - Industrial wastewater
		3.1 - Domestic wastewater
		3.2 - Municipal wastewater
		3.3 - Industrial wastewater
	4 - Properties of industrial wastewater
		4.1 - Physical properties of industrial wastewater
		4.2 - Chemical properties of industrial wastewater
	5 - Treatment of industrial wastewater
		5.1 - Treatment of acids and alkalis present in wastewater
			5.1.1 - Solids removal
			5.1.2 - Oils and grease removal
			5.1.3 - Removal of biodegradable organic materials
		5.2 - Treatment of other organics
			5.2.1 - Adsorption
			5.2.2 - Absorption
		5.3 - Adsorption of metal ions
		5.4 - Adsorption of dyes
		5.5 - Absorption of oils/organic solvents
	6 - Conclusions
	References
Chapter 17 - Bio-based aerogels for environmental remediation problems
	Chapter Outline
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Sol-gel synthesis of bio-based aerogels
	3 - Developments in bio-based aerogels post Kistler’s aerogels
	4 - Conclusions
	References
Chapter 18 - Bio-based aerogels and their environment applications: an overview
	Chapter Outline
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Bio-based aerogels
		2.1 - Polysaccharide-based aerogels
			2.1.1 - Chitin
			2.1.2 - Chitosan
			2.1.3 - Alginate
			2.1.4 - Agar
			2.1.5 - Cellulose
			2.1.6 - Protein-based aerogels
			2.1.7 - Soy protein
			2.1.8 - Gelatin
	3 - Environmental applications of bio-based aerogels
	4 - Future prospects and outlook
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 19 - Aerogel applications and future aspects
	Chapter Outline
	1 - Introduction
		1.1 - Applications of aerogels
	2 - Future aspects of aerogels
	3 - Conclusions
	References
Index
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