Advancements in Cardiovascular Research and Therapeutics: Molecular and Nutraceutical Perspectives

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Contents
Foreword
Preface
List of Contributors
Cardiovascular Diseases and Nutraceuticals: Underlying Mechanism and Therapeutic Biomarkers
	Pallavi Saxena1, Vinod Kumar2, Noopur Khare3, Neeraj Pal4, Dibyabhaba Pradhan5, Pradeep K Chaturvedi2, Arun Kumar Jain1, Manoj Kumar6, V. V. Sathibabu Uddandrao7 and Umesh Kumar8,*
	1. INTRODUCTION
		1.1. Cardiovascular Disorders
		1.2. Cardiovascular Diseases Burden: Global and National
		1.3. Potential Risk Factors for CVD
		1.4. Therapies in Use for CVD Treatment
			1.4.1. ACE Inhibitors
			1.4.2. Angiotension II Receptor Blockers
			1.4.3. Antiarrhythmics
			1.4.4. Antiplatelet Drugs
			1.4.5. M. Anti-coagulants Drugs
			1.4.6. Diuretics
	2. NUTRACEUTICALS AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH
		2.1. Nutraceuticals
		2.2. Potential Nutraceuticals
			2.2.1. Plant Sterols/ Stanols
			2.2.2. Cruciferous Vegetables
			2.2.3. Garlic
			2.2.4. CoQ10
			2.2.5. Turmeric
			2.2.6. Grape Skin
			2.2.7. Fish Oil/Olive Oil
			2.2.8. Vegetables
			2.2.9. Carnitine
			2.2.10. Berberine
			2.2.11. Flavonoids
			2.2.12. Prebiotics
			2.2.13. Probiotics
			2.2.14. Protein and Protein Peptides
			2.2.15. Vitamins
	3. NUTRACEUTICALS MODULATE GENETIC EXPRESSION
		3.1. NF-κB Regulatory Network
		3.2. Nrf2 Regulates Antioxidant and Detoxification Genes
	4. BIOINFORMATICS APPLICATION IN NUTRACEUTICALS AND CVD PREVENTION
		4.1. Identification of New Therapeutic Biomarkers
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Congestive Heart Failure: Insight on Pharmacotherapy
	Sri Bharathi G.S1,*, Sakthi Sundaram S1, Prabhakaran S1, Lalitha V1, Haja Sherief S1, Duraisami R2 and Sengottuvelu S1
	1. INTRODUCTION
		1.1. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
		1.2. Left Ventricular Noncompaction (LVNC)
		1.3. Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)
		1.4. Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM)
	2. PREVALENCE
	3. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
	4. DRUG THERAPY
		4.1. Diuretics
		4.2. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors)
		4.3. Beta-adrenergic Blocking Agents (Beta Blockers)
		4.4. Vasopressin Receptor Antagonists
	5. MANAGEMENT OF HEART FAILURE
		5.1. Acute Decompensation
		5.2. Chronic Management
		5.3. Palliative Care
		5.4. Cardiac Glycosides
			5.4.1. Chemistry of Cardiac Glycosides
			5.4.2. Sources of Cardiac Glycosides
			5.4.3. Mechanism of Cardiac Glycosides
			5.4.4. Pharmacological Activity of Cardiac Glycosides
	6. DIGOXIN
	7. TOXICOKINETICS
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Diet, Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disorders
	M Kesavan1,* and HV Manjunathachar2,*
	1. INTRODUCTION
		1.1. Diet Induced Inflammation
		1.2. Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII)
	2. DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF DIET AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
		2.1. The Zone Diet
		2.2. Ketogenic Diet
		2.3. Mediterranean Diet
		2.4. DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) Diet
		2.5. The Paleo Diet
		2.6. Vegan and Vegetarian Diet
	3. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD), PRO AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS
	4. SPICES
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Rodent and Non-Rodent Animal Models for CardioVascular Diseases
	Irfan Ahmad Mir1,*, HV Manjunathachar1,*, R Ravindar Naik1, SSYH Qadri2 and Taniya Saleem3
	1. RODENT MODELS FOR CVD
	2. ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND DIABETIC MODELS
		2.1. LDLR−/− Mice
		2.2. ApoE−/− Mice
		2.3. SR-BI KO Mice
		2.4. db/db Mouse
		2.5. Ob/ob Mice
		2.6. Zucker Fatty Rat
		2.7. Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) Rat
		2.8. Otsuka Long–Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) Rats
		2.9. Goto-Kakizaki (GK) Rats
		2.10. WNIN/GR-Ob Rat
	3. HEART FAILURE MODELS
		3.1. Myocardial Ischemia-Induced Heart Failure
		3.2. Pressure Overload Models
		3.3. Chemical-induced Cardiomyopathy Models
	4. NON-RODENT MODELS OF CARDIO-VASCULAR DISEASES
		4.1. Overview of Advantages and Disadvantages of Non-rodent Animal Models
		4.2. Pigs
		4.3. Atherosclerotic Disease Models
		4.4. Pig Models for Stent Application
		4.5. Pig Models of Infarction and Heart Failure
		4.6. Dogs
		4.7. Sheep
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Application of 21st Century Genetic Engineering Tools and CRISPR-Cas9 Technologies to Treat Most Advanced Cardiovascular Diseases of Humans
	J. Venkateshwara Rao1, *, R. Ravindar Naik2, S. Venkanna1 and N. Ramesh Kumar3
	1. INTRODUCTION
	2. THE CRISPR/CAS9 PROTEIN TECHNOLOGY
	3. APPLICATION OF CRISPR/CAS9 TECHNOLOGY AS A THERAPEUTIC TOOL FOR HUMAN DISEASES
		3.1. Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
		3.2. Sickle Cell Anemia
		3.3. Thalassemia
		3.4. Huntington’s Disease
		3.5. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
		3.6. Hemophilia
		3.7. Chronic Granulomatous Disorders (CGD)
	4. MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASES
		4.1. Cancer
		4.2. Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)
	5. APPLICATIONS OF CRISPR/CAS9 IN CARDIAC RESEARCH
		5.1. Gene Therapy for CVD
		5.2. The Future of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Cardiac Research
	6. CHALLENGES OF APPLICATION OF CRISPR/CAS9
		6.1. Delivery Systems of CRISPR/Cas9
		6.2. Off-target Effects
		6.3. Ethical Issues
		6.4. Emerging CRISPR Technologies
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Role of Vyana Vayu in CardioVascular System, Etiopathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies: An Ayurveda Perspective
	Savitri Vasudev Baikampady1,*, C. S. Hiremath1, Reeta Varyani1 and Venketesh2
	1. INTRODUCTION
	2. A PREAMBLE TO VATA
		2.1. Vyana Vayu
			2.1.1. Role of Vyana Vayu in the Heart
			2.1.2. Role of Vyana Vayu in Vasculature (Dhamani and Sira)
			2.1.3. Role of Vyana Vayu in Skeletal Muscles and other Organs
	3. ETIOLOGY
	4. PATHOGENESES
		4.1. Stage of Accumulation (Sanchaya)
		4.2. Stage of Aggravation (Prakopa)
		4.3. Stage of Dissemination (Prasar)
		4.4. Stage of Localization (Sthanasamshraya)
		4.5. Stage of Manifestation (Vyakta)
		4.6. Stage of Complication (Bheda)
	5. CONCOMITANT CONCEPT
	6. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
	7. TREATMENT STRATEGIES
		7.1. Diet
		7.2. Exercise
		7.3. Pharmacological Approach
			7.3.1. Terminalia Arjuna (TA)
			7.3.2. Innula Recemosa
			7.3.3. Fagonia Arabica
	8. OMICS STUDY AND AYURVEDIC THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES
	CONCLUSION
	10. HIGHLIGHTS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Nutraceuticals: The Potential Agents to Rescue Human Race from Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)
	Sreedevi Gandham1, Ghali. EN.Hanuma Kumar2 and Balaji Meriga2,*
	1. INTRODUCTION
	2. CVDS: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
	3. CVDS: TREATMENT OPTIONS
	4. PLANTS AND HERBS FOR TREATMENT OF CVDS
		4.1. Polyphenols
		4.2. Flavonoids
		4.3. Carotenoids
		4.4. Other Phytochemicals
		4.5. Vitamins
	5. NUTRACEUTICALS TO TREAT CVDS
	6. SPICES AS EFFECTIVE NUTRACEUTICALS TO TREAT CVDS
		6.1. Ginger (Zingiber Officinale)
		6.2. Turmeric  (Curcuma Longa)
		6.3. Black pepper (Piper Nigrum)
		6.4. Coriander (Coriandrum Sativum)
		6.5. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Zeylanicum)
		6.6. Garlic (Allium Sativum)
		6.7. Cloves (Syzygium Aromaticum)
		6.8. Other Common Spices
	7. NUTRACEUTICALS/SPICES: MODE OF ACTION
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Ameliorative Potential of Biochanin-A against Dexamethasone Induced Hypertension through Modulation of Relative mRNA and Protein Expressions in Experimental Rats
	V. V. Sathibabu Uddandrao1,*, P. P. Sethumathi2, Parim Brahma Naidu3, S. Vadivukkarasi1, Mustapha Sabana Begum4 and G. Saravanan1,*
	1. INTRODUCTION
	2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
		2.1. Chemicals
		2.2. Animals
		2.3. Induction of Hypertension
		2.4. Experimental Design
		2.5. Measurement of Body Weight
		2.6. Indirect Measurement of Blood Pressure in Conscious Rats
		2.7. Hemodynamic and Vascular Responsiveness Measurements
		2.8. Assay of Nitric Oxide Metabolites
		2.9. Assay of Superoxide Production
		2.10. RT-PCR Analysis
		2.11. Western Blot Analysis
		2.12. Statistical Analysis
	3. RESULTS
	4. DISCUSSION
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Zingiberene, an Active Constituent from Zingiber officinale Ameliorated High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Cardiomyopathy in Rats
	S. Jaikumar1, G. Somasundaram1 and S. Sengottuvelu2,*
	1. INTRODUCTION
	2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
		2.1. Chemicals
		2.2. Animals
		2.3. HFD Composition
		2.4. Experimental Design
		2.5. Measurement of Body Weight, Anthropometrical and Morphological Parameters
		2.6. Estimation of Biochemical Markers
		2.7. Determination of Cardiac Lipid Profile
		2.8. Assessment of Oxidative Stress Markers in Heart
		2.9. Statistical Analysis
	3. RESULTS
		3.1. Effect of ZB on Anthropometrical and Morphological Parameters
		3.2. Influence of ZB on Diabetic Markers
		3.3. Effect of ZB on Cardiac Lipid Profiles
		3.4. ZB Ameliorated Oxidative Stress in Heart
	4. DISCUSSION
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Betaine, a Nutraceutical Ameliorated Myocardial Infarction by Attenuation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Matrix Metalloproteinase Production in Rats
	G. Somasundaram1,*, S. Jaikumar1 and S. Sengottuvelu2
	1. INTRODUCTION
	2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
		2.1. Animals
		2.2. Experimental Design
		2.3. Measurement of Heart Weight and the Ratio of Heart Weight to Body Weight
		2.4. Assessment of Cardiac Diagnostic Markers
		2.5. Estimation of Serum Inflammatory Markers
		2.6. Determination of Serum Matrix Metalloproteinases
		2.7. RT-PCR Analysis
		2.8. Statistical Analysis
	3. RESULTS
	4. DISCUSSION
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Subject Index
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