Advanced Wireless Communications: 4G Cognitive and Cooperative Broadband Technology

Advanced Wireless Communications......Page 4
Contents......Page 10
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 24
1.1 4G and The Book Layout......Page 26
1.2 General Structure of 4G Signals......Page 29
1.2.2 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)......Page 30
1.2.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)......Page 31
1.2.4 Multicarrier CDMA (MC CDMA)......Page 33
1.2.5 Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Signals......Page 36
References......Page 41
2.1 Adaptive and Reconfigurable Block Coding......Page 46
2.2 Adaptive and Reconfigurable Convolutional Codes......Page 51
2.2.1 Punctured Convolutional Codes/Code Reconfigurability......Page 56
2.2.2 Maximum Likelihood Decoding/Viterbi Algorithm......Page 57
2.2.3 Systematic Recursive Convolutional Codes......Page 58
2.3 Concatenated Codes with Interleavers......Page 61
2.3.1 The Iterative Decoding Algorithm......Page 62
2.4 Adaptive Coding, Practice and Prospects......Page 68
2.5 Distributed Source Coding......Page 69
2.5.1 Continuous Valued Source......Page 71
2.5.2 Scalar Quantization and Trellis-Based Coset Construction......Page 73
2.5.4 Performance Examples......Page 75
Appendix 2.1 Maximum a Posteriori Detection......Page 78
References......Page 81
3.1 Coded Modulation......Page 88
3.1.1 Euclidean Distance......Page 89
3.1.2 Examples of TCM Schemes......Page 90
3.1.3 Set Partitioning......Page 93
3.1.5 TCM with Multidimensional Constellation......Page 95
3.2 Adaptive Coded Modulation for Fading Channels......Page 97
3.2.1 Maintaining a Fixed Distance......Page 98
3.2.2 Information Rate......Page 99
References......Page 100
4.1 Diversity Gain......Page 104
4.1.1 Two-Branch Transmit Diversity Scheme with One Receiver......Page 105
4.1.2 Two Transmitters and M Receivers......Page 107
4.2.1 The System Model......Page 109
4.2.2 The Case of Independent Fade Coefficients......Page 110
4.2.4 Design Criteria for Rayleigh Space–Time Codes......Page 111
4.2.5 Code Construction......Page 112
4.2.6 Reconfiguration Efficiency of Space–Time Coding......Page 116
4.2.7 Delay Diversity......Page 119
4.3.1 The Channel Model and the Diversity Criterion......Page 121
4.3.4 The Diversity Order......Page 122
4.3.6 Inear Processing Orthogonal Designs......Page 123
4.3.8 Encoding......Page 124
4.3.11 Generalized Complex Orthogonal Designs......Page 125
4.3.12 Special Codes......Page 126
4.4 Channel Estimation Imperfections......Page 127
4.4.1 Channel Estimator......Page 131
4.5 Quasi-Orthogonal Space–Time Block Codes......Page 132
4.5.2 Decision Metric......Page 133
4.6 Space–Time Convolutional Codes......Page 134
4.7 Algebraic Space–Time Codes......Page 136
4.8 Differential Space–Time Modulation......Page 141
4.8.1 The Encoding Algorithm......Page 147
4.8.2 Differential Decoding......Page 148
4.9 Multiple Transmit Antenna Differential Detection from Generalized Orthogonal Designs......Page 150
4.9.2 Received Signal......Page 151
4.9.4 Encoding......Page 152
4.9.5 Differential Decoding......Page 153
4.9.6 Received Signal......Page 154
4.9.9 The Number of Transmit Antennas Lower than the Number of Symbols......Page 155
4.9.11 Real Constellation Set......Page 156
4.10 Layered Space–Time Coding......Page 158
4.10.4 The Null Space......Page 159
4.10.7 Multilayered Space–Time Coded Modulation......Page 160
4.10.9 Adaptive Reconfigurable Transmit Power Allocation......Page 161
4.11.1 System Model......Page 165
4.11.3 Error Rate Bound......Page 166
4.11.5 Code Design......Page 167
4.12 Estimation of MIMO Channel......Page 170
4.12.1 System Model......Page 171
4.12.5 Channel Estimation Error......Page 173
4.12.7 Results......Page 174
4.13 Space–Time Codes for Frequency Selective Channels......Page 176
4.13.1 Diversity Gain Properties......Page 178
4.13.2 Coding Gain Properties......Page 179
4.13.3 Space–Time Trellis Code Design......Page 180
4.14.1 The Channel Model......Page 182
4.14.2 Gain Optimization by Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)......Page 183
4.14.3 The General (M, N) Case......Page 184
4.14.4 Gain Optimization by Iteration for a Reciprocal Channel......Page 186
4.14.5 Spectral Efficiency of Parallel Channels......Page 187
4.15.1 System Model......Page 188
4.15.2 Performance in a Rayleigh Fading Channel......Page 190
4.16.1 System Model......Page 192
4.16.2 The DAST Coding Algorithm......Page 194
4.16.3 The DAST Decoding Algorithm......Page 195
Appendix 4.1 QR Factorization......Page 198
Appendix 4.2 Lattice Code Decoder for Space–Time Codes......Page 200
Appendix 4.3 MIMO Channel Capacity......Page 201
References......Page 205
5.1.1 Binary Shift Register Sequences......Page 216
5.1.3 Crosscorrelation Spectra......Page 218
5.1.5 Gold Sequences......Page 219
5.1.6 Gold-Like and Dual-BCH Sequences......Page 220
5.1.7 Kasami Sequences......Page 221
5.1.9 Kronecker Sequences......Page 222
5.1.10 Walsh Functions......Page 223
5.1.12 Golay Code......Page 224
5.2 Multiuser CDMA Receivers......Page 226
5.2.3 The Optimum Linear Multiuser Detector......Page 227
5.2.4 Multistage Detection in Asynchronous CDMA [43]......Page 228
5.2.6 Non-Coherent Detection in Asynchronous Multiuser Channels [45]......Page 230
5.2.7 Multiuser Detection in Frequency Non-Selective Rayleigh Fading Channels......Page 232
5.2.8 Multiuser Detection in Frequency Selective Rayleigh Fading Channels......Page 235
5.3 Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) Linear Multiuser Detection......Page 241
5.3.1 System model in Multipath Fading Channels......Page 242
5.3.2 MMSE Detector Structures......Page 245
5.3.3 Spatial Processing......Page 246
5.4.1 Adaptive Precombining LMMSE Receivers......Page 250
5.4.3 Least Squares (LS) Receiver......Page 255
5.4.4 Method Based on the Matrix Inversion lemma......Page 256
5.5 Signal Subspace-Based Channel Estimation for CDMA Systems......Page 257
5.5.1 Estimating the Signal Subspace......Page 259
5.5.2 Channel Estimation......Page 260
5.6 Iterative Receivers for Layered Space–Time Coding......Page 261
5.6.1 LST Architectures......Page 262
5.6.2 LST Receivers......Page 266
5.6.3 QR Decomposition/SIC Detecor......Page 267
5.6.4 MMSE/SIC Detector......Page 269
5.6.5 Iterative LST Receivers......Page 271
Definitions......Page 278
Special Matrices......Page 279
Matrix Manipulation and Formulas......Page 280
Eigendecompostion of Matrices......Page 282
Calculation of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors......Page 283
References......Page 284
6.1.1 Zero-Forcing Equalizers......Page 294
6.2.1 Signal Model......Page 300
6.2.3 Automatic Systems......Page 301
6.2.6 Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE)......Page 302
6.2.7 Blind Equalizers......Page 303
6.3.2 Channel Model......Page 304
6.3.4 The ML Sequence (Block) Estimator for a Statistically Known Channel......Page 306
6.4.1 System and Channel Models......Page 309
6.4.3 The Channel Prediction Algorithm......Page 310
6.5.2 Joint Channel and Data Estimation......Page 313
6.5.3 Data Estimation and Tracking for a Fading Channel......Page 317
6.5.4 The Static Channel Environment......Page 318
6.5.5 The Time Varying Channel Environment......Page 321
6.6.1 Signal Format......Page 326
6.6.4 Turbo Equalization......Page 327
6.6.5 Viterbi Algorithm......Page 328
6.6.7 Performance......Page 329
6.7 Kalman Filter Based Joint Channel Estimation and Data Detection Over Fading Channels......Page 330
6.7.3 Channel Estimation Alternatives......Page 333
6.7.4 Implementing the Estimator......Page 334
6.7.6 Implementation Issues......Page 335
6.8.1 Problem Statement......Page 336
6.8.3 Derivation of Algorithms for DFE......Page 338
6.8.4 The Equalizer Coefficients......Page 339
6.8.5 Stochastic Gradient DFE Adaptive Algorithms......Page 340
6.8.6 Convergence Analysis......Page 341
6.8.7 Kurtosis-Based Algorithm......Page 343
References......Page 346
7.1 Timing and Frequency Offset in OFDM......Page 354
7.1.1 Robust Frequency and Timing Synchronization for OFDM......Page 356
7.2.1 Statistics of Mobile Radio Channels......Page 359
7.2.3 MMSE Channel Estimation......Page 360
7.2.4 FIR Channel Estimator......Page 362
7.2.5 System Performance......Page 363
7.3 64 DAPSK and 64 QAM Modulated OFDM Signals......Page 364
7.4 Space–Time Coding with OFDM Signals......Page 369
7.4.1 Signal and Channel Parameters......Page 370
7.4.4 Turbo and Space–Time Coded Adaptive OFDM......Page 374
7.5 Layered Space–Time Coding for MIMO OFDM......Page 376
7.5.1 System Model (Two Times Two Transmit Antennas)......Page 377
7.5.3 Four Transmit Antennas......Page 378
7.6.1 Frequency Selective Channel Model......Page 381
7.6.3 Time-Invariant Channel......Page 382
7.6.6 Prefiltered M-BCJR Equalizer......Page 383
7.6.8 Prefiltered MLSE/DDFSE Equalizer Complexity......Page 384
7.6.10 Equalization Schemes for STBC......Page 385
7.6.11 Single-Carrier Frequency Domain Equalized Space–Time Block Coding SC FDE STBC......Page 386
7.7 Multicarrier CDMA System......Page 394
7.7.1 Data Demodulation......Page 395
7.8 Multicarrier DS-CDMA Broadcast Systems......Page 396
7.9 Frame by Frame Adaptive Rate Coded Multicarrier DS-CDMA System......Page 400
7.9.1 Transmitter......Page 402
7.9.2 Receiver......Page 403
7.9.3 Rate-Compatible Punctured Convolutional (RCPC) Codes......Page 404
7.9.4 Rate Adaptation......Page 405
7.10.1 Transmitter......Page 407
7.10.3 MMSE Receiver......Page 408
7.11.1 System and Channel Model......Page 411
7.12 MMSE Detection of Multicarrier CDMA......Page 412
7.12.1 Tracking the Fading Processes......Page 415
7.13 Approximation of Optimum Multiuser Receiver for Space–Time Coded Multicarrier CDMA Systems......Page 418
7.13.1 Frequency Selective Fading Channels......Page 422
7.13.2 Receiver Signal Model of STBC MC CDMA Systems......Page 423
7.13.3 Blind Approach......Page 424
7.13.6 Gibbs Sampler......Page 425
7.13.8 Conditional Posterior Distributions......Page 426
7.13.9 Gibbs Multiuser Detection......Page 427
7.13.12 Blind Turbo Multiuser Receiver......Page 428
7.13.14 Performance Example......Page 429
7.14 Parallel Interference Cancellation in OFDM Systems in Time-Varying Multipath Fading Channels......Page 430
7.15 Zero Forcing OFDM Equalizer in Time-Varying Multipath Fading Channels......Page 436
7.16 Channel Estimation for OFDM Systems......Page 440
7.17 Turbo Processing for an OFDM-Based MIMO System......Page 443
7.18 PAPR Reduction of OFDM Signals......Page 445
Appendix......Page 449
References......Page 450
8.1.1 The Multiple Access Channel......Page 458
8.1.2 Receiver......Page 459
8.2.3 The UWB Signal Propagation Experiment 1......Page 461
8.2.4 UWB Propagation Experiment 2......Page 462
8.2.5 Clustering Models for the Indoor Multipath Propagation Channel......Page 463
8.2.6 Path Loss Modeling......Page 465
8.3.1 Performance in a Gaussian Channel......Page 467
8.3.2 Performance in a Dense Multipath Channel......Page 471
8.3.4 Time Variations......Page 472
8.4 M-ary PPM UWB Multiple Access......Page 473
8.4.1 M-ary PPM Signal Sets......Page 476
8.5 Coded UWB Schemes......Page 478
8.5.2 The Uncoded System as a Coded System with Repetition......Page 482
8.6 Multiuser Detection in UWB Radio......Page 483
8.7.1 Signal Model......Page 485
8.7.2 The Monopulse Tracking System......Page 489
8.8.1 Circular Array......Page 492
References......Page 517
9.1.1 ISI Modelling in MIMO Channels......Page 522
9.1.2 MIMO System Precoding and Equalization......Page 524
9.1.3 Precoder and Equalizer Design for STBC Systems......Page 527
9.2 Linear Precoding Based on Convex Optimization Theory......Page 529
9.2.1 Generalized MIMO Systems......Page 530
9.2.2 Convex Optimization......Page 531
9.2.3 Precoding for Power Optimization......Page 532
9.2.4 Precoder for SINR Optimization......Page 535
9.2.5 Performance Example......Page 537
9.3 Convex Optimization-Theory-Based Beamforming......Page 538
9.3.1 Multicarrier MIMO Signal Model......Page 539
9.3.2 Channel Diagonalization......Page 541
9.3.3 Convex Optimization-Based Beamforming......Page 545
9.3.4 Constraints in Multicarrier Systems......Page 551
9.3.5 Performance Examples......Page 552
References......Page 558
10.1.1 Frame Length Adaptation......Page 562
10.1.2 Frame Length Adaptation in Flat Fading Channels......Page 564
10.1.4 Energy-Efficient Adaptive Error Control......Page 567
10.1.5 Processing Gain Adaptation......Page 570
10.1.6 Trellis-Based Processing/Adaptive Maximum Likelihood Sequence Equalizer......Page 572
10.1.7 Hidden Markov Channel Model......Page 573
10.1.8 Link Layer Performance with Inadequate Equalization......Page 574
10.1.9 Link Layer Performance with Adequate Equalization......Page 576
10.2.1 A Unified Architecture for Linear Multiuser Detection and Dynamic Reconfigurability......Page 581
10.2.2 Experimental Results......Page 588
10.2.3 The Effects of Quantization......Page 589
10.2.4 The Effect on the ‘Near–Far’ Resistance......Page 590
10.3 Reconfigurable ASIC Architecture......Page 592
10.3.1 Motivation and Present Art......Page 594
10.3.3 Example Architecture Versus an FPGA......Page 595
10.3.5 Computation of a Complex 16-Point DFT – The Goertzel FFT Mode......Page 596
10.3.6 Fixed Coefficient Filters......Page 598
10.3.10 Adaptive Filtering......Page 599
10.3.11 Direct Digital Frequency Synthesis......Page 601
10.3.12 CORDIC Algorithm [83]......Page 602
10.3.14 Goertzel Algorithm......Page 603
References......Page 605
11.1 System Modeling......Page 612
11.1.1 System Capacity......Page 613
11.1.2 Probability of Outage......Page 616
11.1.3 Cellular Coverage......Page 617
11.2.1 System and Channel Models......Page 618
11.2.2 Coperative Diversity Protocols......Page 619
11.2.3 Outage Probabilities......Page 620
11.2.4 Performance Bounds for Cooperative Diversity......Page 623
11.3.1 System Description......Page 625
11.3.2 BER Analysis in DSTC......Page 628
11.4.1 System and Channel Model......Page 630
11.4.2 Cooperative Diversity Based on Repetition......Page 633
11.4.3 Cooperative Diversity Using Space–Time Coding......Page 637
Appendix 11.1 Asymptotic CDF Approximations......Page 639
Appendix 11.2 Amplify-and-Forward Mutual Information......Page 644
Appendix 11.3 Input Distributions for Transmit Diversity Bound......Page 645
References......Page 646
12.1 Introduction......Page 650
12.2 Signal and Interference Models......Page 652
12.3 Receiver Structure and Performance......Page 653
12.3.1 Interference Rejection Circuit Model......Page 654
12.4 Performance Examples......Page 660
References......Page 666
13.1.1 Introduction......Page 670
13.1.3 The Circular, Hyperbolic, and Mixed Multilateration......Page 671
13.1.4 WLS Solution of the Location Problem......Page 673
13.1.5 Accuracy Measure......Page 674
13.1.6 Circular Multilateration......Page 675
13.1.7 Hyperbolic Multilateration......Page 676
13.1.9 Performance Results for Three Stations......Page 677
13.1.10 Performance Results for N Stations......Page 679
13.2 Relative Positioning in Wireless Sensor Networks......Page 680
13.2.1 Performance Bounds......Page 681
13.2.2 Relative Location Estimation......Page 684
13.3.1 Signal Models and Performance Limits......Page 689
13.3.2 Performance of Location Techniques......Page 691
13.3.3 Average Performance of Location Techniques......Page 692
References......Page 696
14.1 Macrocellular Environments (1.8 GHz)......Page 700
14.1.1 PDF of Shadow Fading......Page 702
14.2 Urban Spatial Radio Channels in Macro/Microcell (2.154 GHz)......Page 706
14.2.2 Results......Page 707
14.3 MIMO Channels in Microcell and Picocell Environments (1.71/2.05 GHz)......Page 713
14.3.3 Validation of the Stochastic MIMO Channel Model Assumptions......Page 715
14.3.4 Input Parameters to the Validation of the MIMO Model......Page 717
14.3.5 The Eigenanalysis Method......Page 718
14.4 Outdoor Mobile Channel (5.3 GHz)......Page 721
14.4.1 Path Loss Models......Page 725
14.4.3 Spatial and Frequency Correlations......Page 727
14.4.4 Path Number Distribution......Page 730
14.4.5 Rotation Measurements in an Urban Environment......Page 731
14.5 Microcell Channel (8.45 GHz)......Page 733
14.5.1 Azimuth Profile......Page 734
14.5.2 Delay Profile for the Forward Arrival Waves......Page 735
14.5.3 Short-Term Azimuth Spread (AS) for Forward Arrival Waves......Page 737
14.6 Wireless MIMO LAN Environments (5.2 GHz)......Page 739
14.6.1 Data Evaluation......Page 740
14.6.2 Capacity Computation......Page 741
14.6.3 Measurement Environments......Page 742
14.7 Indoor WLAN Channel (17 GHz)......Page 743
14.8 Indoor WLAN Channel (60 GHz)......Page 752
14.8.1 Definition of the Statistical Parameters......Page 753
14.9 UWB Channel Model......Page 757
14.9.1 The Large-Scale Statistics......Page 761
14.9.2 The Small-Scale Statistics......Page 764
14.9.4 The Statistical Model......Page 766
14.9.5 Simulation Steps......Page 767
References......Page 770
15.1 Adaptive MAC Layer......Page 778
15.1.2 Spectral Efficiency and Effective Load Factor of the Multirate DS-CDMA PRN......Page 780
15.1.4 Bit Rate Adaptation......Page 781
15.1.5 The Correlated Fading Model and Optimal Packet Size......Page 783
15.1.6 Performance......Page 785
15.2.1 Network Layer Requirements......Page 795
15.2.2 The Power Consumption Model......Page 796
15.2.3 Minimum Power Networks......Page 797
15.2.4 Distributed Network Routing Protocol......Page 798
15.2.5 Distributed Mobile Networks......Page 800
15.3.1 Least Resistance Routing (LRR)......Page 803
15.3.2 Multimedia Least Resistance Routing (MLRR)......Page 804
15.3.3 Network Performance Examples: LRR Versus MLRR......Page 805
15.3.4 Sensitivity to the Number of Allowable Word Erasures......Page 808
15.4.1 Constant End-to-End Error Rate......Page 811
15.4.2 Optimization Problem......Page 813
15.4.3 Error Rate Models......Page 814
15.4.4 Properties of Power Optimal Paths......Page 815
References......Page 816
16.1.1 Noncooperative Power Control Game......Page 822
16.1.2 Nash Equilibrium......Page 824
16.1.3 Pareto Optimality......Page 825
16.1.4 Supermodular Games and Social Optimality......Page 826
16.2 Power Control Game with QOS Guarantee......Page 830
16.3 Power Control Game and Multiuser Detection......Page 834
16.4 Power Control Game in MIMO Systems......Page 836
16.5 Game Theory Based MAC for AD HOC Networks......Page 838
16.6.1 Strategy Models......Page 840
16.6.2 Network Nodes Dependency Graph and System Metamodel......Page 842
16.6.3 The Payoff of Iterative Game......Page 844
16.7.2 Pareto Optimum......Page 848
16.7.3 Prisoner’s Dilemma and TFT Game......Page 850
16.8 Packet Forwarding Model Based on Dynamic Bayesian Games......Page 853
16.9.1 Cognitive Wireless Sensor Network Model......Page 855
16.10.1 Algorithmic Mechanism Design......Page 857
16.10.2 Profit Driven Pricing Mechanism......Page 858
16.10.3 Truthful Behavior in Cognitive Networks......Page 860
16.10.4 Collusion of Nodes in Cognitive Networks......Page 861
16.11 Game Theoretical Model of Flexible Spectra Sharing in Cognitive Networks with Social Awareness......Page 863
16.12 A game Theoretical Modelling of Slotted ALOHA Protocol......Page 864
16.13.1 System Model......Page 867
16.13.2 Equilibrium Solutions......Page 870
16.14.1 The System Model......Page 871
16.14.3 File Transfer Model......Page 873
16.14.4 Bayesian Model for Unknown Traffic......Page 874
References......Page 876
Index......Page 880