Advanced water treatment electrochemical methods

Cover......Page 1
Advanced Water Treatment Electrochemical Methods......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contributors......Page 4
1 . Electrocoagulation in the treatment of industrial waters and wastewaters......Page 5
 List of Publications......Page 6
 Abbreviations......Page 7
 1. Introduction......Page 8
   1.1.1 Interface of colloidal particles......Page 9
   1.1.2 Stability of colloids in aqueous solutions......Page 12
   1.1.3 Destabilization mechanisms of colloids......Page 13
   1.1.4 Commonly used metal salt coagulants......Page 14
   1.1.5 Applications of metal salt coagulants in industrial raw water and wastewater treatment......Page 16
  1.2 Theory of electrocoagulation......Page 20
   1.2.1 Main reactions......Page 21
   1.2.2 Side reactions......Page 23
   1.2.3 Properties of the sludge......Page 25
   1.2.4 Treatment parameters......Page 26
    1.2.4.1 Electrode materials......Page 27
    1.2.4.2 pH of the solution......Page 28
    1.2.4.3 Current density and treatment time......Page 29
    1.2.4.4 Concentration of anions......Page 30
   1.2.5 Comparison of electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation......Page 31
   1.3.1 Constructions of electrocoagulation systems......Page 33
   1.3.3 Combinations of electrocoagulation and other water treatment technologies......Page 35
   1.3.4 Economical and ecological considerations......Page 40
  3.1 Water samples and chemicals......Page 42
  3.2 Water treatment procedure......Page 44
   3.3.1 Chemical analysis......Page 45
   3.3.2 Toxicity analysis......Page 46
  3.4 Statistical methods......Page 47
  4.1 Quality of the statistical models......Page 48
   4.2.1 Aluminum electrodes......Page 49
  4.3 Change of pH and conductivity......Page 52
   4.4.1 Organic matter removal......Page 54
   4.4.2 Residual metals and turbidity......Page 60
  4.5 Wastewater treatment......Page 61
   4.5.1 Organic matter removal......Page 62
   4.5.2 Sulfide precipitation......Page 65
   4.5.3 Resin acids, copper, and toxicity removal......Page 66
 5. Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 69
 References......Page 70
2 . Ultrasound-assisted electrochemical treatment of wastewaters containing organic pollutants by using novel Ti/Ta2O5–SnO2 ele .........Page 83
 List of Publications......Page 84
 Abbreviations......Page 85
 1. Introduction......Page 86
 2. State-of-the-Art Research Developments in Sonoelectrochemical Oxidation of Organic Compounds......Page 88
  2.1 Electrochemical oxidation of organic compounds......Page 90
   2.1.1 The theory and mechanism of EO of organics......Page 91
   2.1.2 History of use of electrochemical methods for the destruction of organics and present situation......Page 94
   2.1.3 Ultrasound in sludge stabilization......Page 95
  1.2 Soil remediation of organic contamination......Page 102
   2.2.2 Sonochemical degradation of organic compounds......Page 107
  2.3 Sonoelectrochemical destruction methods......Page 112
   2.3.1 Reactor types used in EO/US degradation......Page 114
   2.3.2 Dyes degradation......Page 116
   2.3.3 Removal of phenolic compound......Page 118
   2.3.4 Removal of pharmaceuticals......Page 119
 3. Objectives of the Work......Page 120
  4.1 Ti/Ta2O5–SnO2 electrode preparation......Page 121
  4.2 Physicochemical and electrochemical characterization of the electrodes......Page 122
  4.3 Experimental setup in degradation experiments......Page 123
  4.4 Analysis of liquid samples......Page 124
  5.1 XRD analyses......Page 125
  5.2 SEM and EDX analyses......Page 127
   5.3.1 Characterization of electrodes......Page 129
   5.3.2 Water and MB oxidation......Page 130
   5.4.1 MB degradation......Page 137
   5.4.2 FA degradation......Page 138
   5.5.1 MB degradation......Page 139
   5.5.2 FA degradation......Page 140
   5.6.1 MB degradation......Page 142
   5.6.2 FA degradation......Page 143
  5.7 Energy consumption estimation required for the oxidation processes......Page 147
 6. Conclusions and Further Perspectives......Page 148
 References......Page 151
3 . Sewage sludge electro-dewatering......Page 166
 Abbreviation......Page 167
 1. Introduction......Page 168
  2.1 Evaluation of sludge dewaterability......Page 171
    2.2.1.1 Primary sludge......Page 172
    2.2.1.2 Secondary sludge......Page 173
   2.2.2 Water distribution in sludge......Page 174
   2.2.3 Extracellular polymeric substances......Page 176
    2.3.1.1 Sludge flocculation......Page 177
    2.3.1.2 Other chemical conditioning......Page 180
   2.3.2 Physical conditioning......Page 181
  2.4 Mechanical dewatering processes......Page 182
   2.4.1 Belt filter press......Page 183
   1.3.3 Electrodes......Page 184
    2.5.1.1 Electroosmosis......Page 185
    2.5.1.3 Electromigration......Page 187
    2.5.1.4 Electrolysis reactions at the electrodes......Page 188
   2.5.2 Development of electro-dewatering process......Page 189
   2.5.3 Electro-dewatering setup and operation......Page 190
   2.5.4 Electro-dewatering of sewage sludge......Page 191
  4.2 Sludge conditioning......Page 194
  4.3 Experimental setup and procedure......Page 196
   4.4.1 Pseudo–total metal digestion (IV and V)......Page 198
   4.4.2 Revised BCR sequential extraction (V)......Page 199
  5.1 Current density during electro-dewatering......Page 200
  5.2 Effect of electrical field on electro-dewatering......Page 202
  5.3 Effect of sludge type on electro-dewatering (II)......Page 204
  5.4 Effect of polymer and freeze/thaw conditioning on electro-dewatering (III)......Page 206
   5.5.1 Migration of organic matter (II)......Page 209
   5.5.2 Migration of soluble ions (IV and V)......Page 210
    5.5.3.1 Migration of macrometals......Page 212
    5.5.3.2 Migration of heavy metals......Page 215
 6. Conclusion and Recommendation......Page 217
 References......Page 218
5 . Electrooxidation treatment of pulp and paper mill circulating waters and wastewaters......Page 229
 List of Publications......Page 230
 Abbreviations......Page 231
  1.1 Persistent organic pollutants......Page 232
  2.1 Environmental applications of ultrasound......Page 236
   2.1.1 Theoretical background......Page 237
   2.1.2 Ultrasound in water treatment......Page 239
    2.1.2.1 Ultrasonication and H2O2/Fenton/Fenton-like catalysts......Page 245
    2.1.2.2 Sonophotolysis and sonophotocatalysis......Page 247
    2.1.2.3 Sonoelectrochemical remediation......Page 249
    2.1.2.4 Other sonocatalytic/sono-assisted oxidation......Page 250
    2.1.2.5 Ultrasound-assisted adsorption......Page 253
    2.1.2.7 Ultrasound-assisted coagulation......Page 254
    2.1.2.9 Ultrasound-assisted disinfection......Page 255
    2.1.2.10 Ultrasound-assisted radioactive wastewater treatment......Page 256
   2.1.4 Ultrasound in sediment and soil remediation......Page 258
    2.1.4.2 Ultrasound-assisted organic desorption......Page 259
    2.1.4.4 Ultrasound-assisted advanced oxidation of organic pollutants......Page 260
   2.1.7 Ultrasound in environmental analysis......Page 261
   2.2.1 Principles of electrokinetics......Page 262
    2.2.1.1 Factors affecting electrokinetics......Page 264
    2.2.1.2 Electrokinetics impacts on soil health......Page 265
   2.2.2 Electro-Bioremediation......Page 266
   2.2.3 Electrokinetics with flushing agent enhancement......Page 268
   2.2.4 Electro-Fenton (EK-Fenton) and other oxidation-enhanced electrokinetics......Page 271
    2.2.5.1 Zero-valent metal permeable reactive barrier......Page 273
    2.2.5.2 Lasagna process......Page 274
   2.2.6 Induced polarization ElectroChemical GeoOxidation......Page 275
   2.2.8 Upward electrokinetic soil remediation......Page 276
   2.2.10 Nonuniform electrokinetics and rotational mode......Page 277
 3. Objectives......Page 278
   4.1.1 Model persistent organic pollutants and clay......Page 279
   4.1.2 Equipment......Page 280
   4.2.2 Experiments......Page 281
  5.1 Ultrasonic treatment [I, II]......Page 284
   5.1.1 Effect of water content......Page 285
   5.1.3 Duration time and the heating effect......Page 286
   5.2.1 Current Progress and electroosmotic flow......Page 287
   5.2.2 Distribution of pH......Page 288
   5.2.3 Persistent organic pollutants removal......Page 289
 6. Conclusions......Page 290
 References......Page 291
 List of Publications......Page 314
 Abbreviations......Page 315
   1.1.2 Microorganisms in the paper mill environment......Page 316
   1.2.1 General......Page 317
   1.2.2 Primary and secondary treatment......Page 318
   1.2.3 Tertiary treatment......Page 319
   1.3.1 General......Page 321
   1.3.2 Theory of electrooxidation......Page 323
   1.3.4 Treatment of different wastewaters......Page 328
   1.3.5 Disinfection of wastewater and drinking water......Page 332
 2. Objectives of the Study......Page 334
  3.1 Reactors and electrodes......Page 335
   3.2.2 Biocides......Page 337
   3.4.1 Bacteria......Page 338
   3.4.4 Other analyses......Page 339
  4.1 Cyclic voltammograms......Page 340
   4.2.1 Aerobic bacteria in synthetic paper mill water......Page 342
   4.2.2 Anaerobic bacteria in paper mill wastewater......Page 348
  4.3 Electrochemical oxidation of sulfide......Page 349
  4.5 Electrochemical degradation of methyl orange dye......Page 351
 5. Conclusions and Further Research......Page 352
 References......Page 354
 C......Page 365
 E......Page 366
 I......Page 368
 O......Page 369
 P......Page 370
 S......Page 371
 U......Page 372
 Z......Page 373
Back Cover......Page 374