Advanced Textiles for Wound Care (Woodhead Publishing in Textiles)

Advanced Textiles for Wound Care......Page 2
The Textile Institute and Woodhead Publishing......Page 3
Contents......Page 5
Contributor contact details......Page 10
Woodhead Publishing in Textiles......Page 13
Preface......Page 18
1.2 Types of wound......Page 20
Contents......Page 0
1.3.2 Healing by secondary intention......Page 21
1.3.4 Haemostasis......Page 22
Role of neutrophils......Page 23
Macrophages......Page 24
Granulation tissue formation......Page 25
Epithelialisation......Page 26
1.3.7 Maturation and remodelling......Page 27
Tissue ischaemia......Page 28
Vitamins......Page 29
Alginate......Page 30
1.5.3 Bioengineered skin......Page 31
Vacuum assisted closure......Page 32
1.5.6 Growth factors......Page 33
1.6.2 Stem cells therapy......Page 34
1.8 References......Page 35
2.1 Introduction......Page 37
2.2.1 The development of dressings......Page 38
2.2.3 The importance of performance- based specifications......Page 39
2.3 Fluid-handling tests......Page 40
2.3.2 Fluid- handling capacity......Page 41
2.3.3 Moisture vapour transmission rate (MVTR)......Page 42
2.3.4 Dynamic MVTR......Page 44
2.3.5 Shortcomings of existing test methods......Page 46
Design requirements of a test system......Page 47
The wound model......Page 49
Recording strike- through......Page 51
2.3.7 Fluid- affinity test......Page 52
2.4.2 Measurement of adherence potential......Page 53
2.5 Conformability tests......Page 54
2.6.1 Bacterial barrier properties......Page 55
Tests for immobilised antimicrobial agents......Page 56
Tests for antimicrobial agents released from dressings......Page 58
2.7.2 Management of wound odour......Page 59
2.7.3 Testing odour absorbing dressings......Page 60
2.8.2 Part 10: Tests for irritation and sensitisation......Page 61
2.9 References......Page 62
3.1 Introduction......Page 65
3.2 The role of wound dressings......Page 66
3.3 Categorization of wounds......Page 67
3.4 Minor wounds......Page 68
3.5 Healing mechanisms......Page 70
3.6.1 Historical......Page 72
3.6.3 Dynamic nature and requirements......Page 73
3.6.4 General classification......Page 74
3.7.1 Gauze dressings......Page 77
Moist gauze......Page 78
3.7.3 Transparent film dressings......Page 79
3.7.5 Biological dressings......Page 80
3.7.6 Absorptive dressings......Page 81
3.7.8 Chitosan dressings......Page 82
3.7.10 Hydrocolloid dressings......Page 84
Foam dressings......Page 85
Dressings that maintain hydration......Page 86
3.8 Bandages......Page 87
3.9 Materials used in dressings and bandages......Page 88
3.9.2 Rayon......Page 89
3.9.4 Nylon......Page 91
3.9.7 Elastomeric fibers......Page 92
3.9.8 Chitosan......Page 93
3.9.9 Alginate......Page 94
3.10.3 Woven fabrics......Page 96
3.10.4 Knitted fabrics......Page 97
3.10.6 Non- woven fabrics......Page 98
Random laid or air laid process......Page 100
Chemical and thermal bonding of webs......Page 101
Needlepunch process......Page 102
Wet laid process......Page 103
Spunlace process......Page 104
Meltblown process......Page 106
Advanced composites from combination of technologies......Page 107
3.12 References......Page 109
4.1 Introduction......Page 114
4.2 Normal wound healing......Page 115
4.2.1 Phases of wound healing......Page 116
4.3 Wound characteristics......Page 117
4.4.1 Choosing the appropriate dressing product......Page 119
4.4.4 Exudate......Page 121
4.5 Interactive wound dressings......Page 122
4.5.2 Foam dressings......Page 125
4.5.5 Hydrogel dressings......Page 126
4.6 Future trends......Page 127
4.7 Conclusions......Page 128
4.9 References......Page 129
5.1 Introduction......Page 131
5.2.4 Collagen......Page 132
5.2.5 pH of wounds......Page 133
5.3 Principles and roles of bioactive dressings......Page 134
5.4.1 Alginates......Page 135
5.4.2 Hydrocolloids......Page 137
5.4.3 Hydrogel......Page 138
5.4.4 Collagen......Page 139
5.4.5 Honey dressings......Page 140
5.4.6 Chitin, chitosan and derivatives......Page 141
5.5.1 General description of DBC......Page 144
5.5.2 Biological properties of DBC:......Page 146
Characteristics of used DBC fi bres......Page 147
Susceptibility of dibutyrylchitin to enzymic hydrolysis......Page 148
5.5.6 Haemocompatibility......Page 149
5.5.7 Radical scavenging activity of DBC......Page 150
5.5.9 In vitro cytotoxicity tests......Page 151
5.5.10 In vitro and in vivo investigations......Page 152
5.5.11 In vivo animal experiments......Page 154
Non- woven DBC......Page 155
5.5.12 Conclusions of the......Page 156
5.5.13 Results of clinical investigations......Page 157
5.5.14 Discussion and conclusions of the clinical trials......Page 159
5.5.15 Biodegradation of DBC in wound dressings......Page 160
5.6 Future trends......Page 161
5.8 References......Page 163
6.1 Introduction......Page 170
6.2 Elastic compression bandages......Page 171
6.3.1 Venous leg ulcers: problem......Page 172
Doppler ultrasonography......Page 173
6.4 Venous leg ulcer treatment......Page 174
Classification......Page 175
Compression hosiery......Page 176
Compression system......Page 177
6.4.2 Padding bandages (orthopaedic wool or wadding)......Page 178
6.4.4 Ideal bandage pressure......Page 179
6.5 Applications of bandages......Page 180
6.6 Present problems and novel bandages......Page 182
6.7 Three-dimensional spacer compression bandages......Page 186
6.7.1 Effect of pressure transference of spacer bandages......Page 188
6.9 References......Page 192
7.1 Introduction......Page 196
7.2.3 Hydrogen peroxide......Page 198
7.2.6 Silver......Page 199
7.3.1 Antimicrobial creams and ointment......Page 200
7.3.3 Antimicrobial- coated textile substrate......Page 201
7.3.4 Textile fibres containing antimicrobial agents......Page 202
7.3.6 Other novel methods......Page 203
7.4.1 Antimicrobial properties of silver......Page 204
7.4.2 Types of silver compounds used in wound dressings......Page 205
7.4.3 Methods of incorporating silver into wound dressings......Page 206
7.5 Applications of modern antimicrobial wound dressings containing silver......Page 207
7.6 Future trends......Page 210
7.6.2 Naturally occurring antimicrobial materials......Page 211
7.8 References......Page 212
8.1.1 Management of burns, pressure ulcers and......Page 215
8.1.2 Management of chronic leg ulcers and diabetic......Page 217
8.2.1 Topical pharmaceutical agents......Page 218
8.2.2 Currently used dressings......Page 220
Nanofibrous polyurethane membrane......Page 222
Cross- linked alginate dressings......Page 223
Fibroin/ alginate sponge......Page 224
Chitin/ chitosan- blended fi lm......Page 225
PVA sponge containing chito- oligosaccharide......Page 226
Poly( l-leucine) sponge loaded with silver sulfadiazine......Page 227
Chitosan/ polyurethan films containing minocycline......Page 228
8.4.1 Nanofibrous non- woven matrices......Page 229
8.4.2 Bioactive dressings......Page 230
8.6 References......Page 232
9.1 Introduction......Page 238
9.2 Wounds: definition and types......Page 239
9.3 Wounds which require drug delivery......Page 241
9.3.1 Wound infections......Page 242
Acute soft tissue infections......Page 243
Diabetic ulcers......Page 244
Venous ulcers......Page 245
9.4 Delivering drugs to wounds......Page 246
9.5 Types of dressings for drug delivery......Page 250
9.6.1 Infection control......Page 255
9.6.2 Healing improvement......Page 256
9.6.3 Controlling transport of biological fluid......Page 257
9.6.4 Haemostatic properties......Page 258
9.7.2 Stem cell research......Page 259
9.7.5 Environment- sensitive drug delivery dressings......Page 260
9.8 Conclusions......Page 261
9.9 References......Page 262
10.1 Introduction......Page 269
10.2 Basic principles and types of smart textiles......Page 270
How are sensors arranged in dressings?......Page 271
10.3.2 Temperature- controlled textiles......Page 272
How does it work?......Page 273
10.3.4 Applications......Page 274
How does it work?......Page 275
The treatment profile......Page 276
10.4 Textiles in control of exudate from wounds......Page 277
10.4.2 Selecting a dressing......Page 278
Absorbent textiles that form a gel with the exudate......Page 279
10.5.1 Hydrogel dressings......Page 280
10.5.4 Silicone-foam pads......Page 281
10.6.2 Application of textiles for removal of bacteria......Page 282
10.7.1 Dressings and pathogens......Page 283
How do colorimetric pH chemosensors work?......Page 284
10.8 Sources of further information and advice......Page 286
10.9 References......Page 287
11.1 Introduction......Page 290
11.2 Definition of composite dressings......Page 291
11.3 Structure of composite dressings......Page 292
11.4.1 Non- adherent or semi- adherent layer......Page 294
11.4.2 Absorbent layer......Page 296
11.4.3 Bacterial barrier layer......Page 298
11.5.1 Island composite dressings......Page 299
11.5.2 Multi- layer and functional composite dressing......Page 300
11.6 Trends in composite dressings: embroidery technology......Page 301
11.8 References......Page 303
12.1 Introduction: principles of tissue engineering......Page 304
12.2.1 Functions of fibrous scaffolds......Page 305
12.2.2 Specific requirements for fibrous scaffolds......Page 306
12.3 Materials used for scaffolds......Page 308
12.4.2 Fiber diameter......Page 309
12.4.3 Scaffold porosity......Page 310
12.4.4 Surface property......Page 311
Microstructural aspects of textile structures......Page 313
Embroidery technology......Page 316
Technologies for fabrication of textile nanofi bers......Page 317
12.6.1 Skin grafts......Page 318
12.6.2 Vascular grafts......Page 319
12.6.3 Tissue- engineered liver......Page 320
12.6.5 Bone grafts......Page 321
12.6.7 Examples of smart textile scaffolds......Page 322
12.7 Future trends......Page 323
12.8.1 Books......Page 325
12.8.4 Websites......Page 326
12.9 References......Page 327