Advanced Techniques of Endoscopic Lumbar Spine Surgery

Foreword
Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgement
Congratulatory Address
Contents
Part I: Special Issue of Endoscopic Spine Surgery
	Paradigm Shifting of Endoscopic Spine Surgery
		Introduction
		Generations of Endoscopic Spine Surgery
		References
	Nomenclature of Endoscopic Spine Surgery
		Introduction (Key Point and Purpose) of Approach
		Understanding and Unifying the Nomenclature
		Posterior Endoscopic Cervical Discectomy (PECD) or Foraminotomy (PECF)
		Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy (TELD)
		Interlaminar Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy (IELD)
		Lumbar Endoscopic Unilateral Laminotomy for Bilateral Decompression (LE-ULBD)
		Endoscopic-Assisted Surgery
			Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic (UBE) Surgery
		Conclusion
		References
Part II: Lumbar Central Stenosis
	Full Endoscopic Posterior Approach, In and Out
		Introduction (Key Point and Purpose) of Approach
		Indication and Contraindication
		Anesthesia and Position
		Special Surgical Instruments
		Surgical Steps (Illustration, Photos, and Video)
		Illustrated Case or Cases
		Complication and its Management
		Brief Discussion: Surgical Tip and Pitfall
		References
	Full Endoscopic Posterior Approach ‘Out and In’ Technique
		Introduction
		Advantages
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Anatomical Consideration
		Surgical Technique
			Preoperative Planning
				Plain Radiograph
				Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and CT Scan
			Anaesthesia and Position
			Special Surgical Instruments
			Surgical Steps
				Skin Incision
				Working Cannula Docking and Insertion of Endoscope
				Anatomical Points
				Bony Decompression
				Removal of the Ligamentum flavum and Confirmation of Decompressed Neural Structures
			Postoperative Care
		Complications and Management
			Intraoperative
			Postoperative
		Illustrative Cases
			Single-Level ESLD
			Multilevel ESLD
		Discussion (Surgical Tips and Pitfalls)
			Limitations
		Summary
		References
	Biportal Endoscopic Approach for Lumbar Central Stenosis
		Introduction
		Anesthesia and Position
		Special Surgical Instruments
		Surgical Steps (Illustration, Photos, and Video)
			Skin Mark and Incision
			Two Portals (Biportal) Making
			Soft Tissue Dissection and Laminectomy
			Ligamentum Flavum Removal and Decompression of Ipsilateral Traversing Nerve Root (Video 1)
			Decompression of Contralateral Traversing Nerve Root (Video 2)
			Discectomy and Closure
		Illustrated Case or Cases
		Complications and its Management
			Bleeding
			Dural tear
		Brief Discussion: Surgical Tip and Pitfall
		References
Part III: Lumbar Foraminal Stenosis
	Uniportal Full Endoscopic Contralateral Approach for Lumbar Foraminal Stenosis
		Introduction
		Indication/Contraindication
		Anesthesia/Position
			Anesthesia
			Position
		Special Surgical Instrument
			Basic Instrument
			Special Instrument
		Surgical Steps
			Anatomical Consideration
			Skin Marking/Skin Incision
				Skin Marking
				Skin Incision
			Approach and Docking
			Sublaminar Approach Drilling
			Detachment of the Ligamentum Flavum
			Foraminotomy
			Final Confirmation Decompression of Foramen
		Illustrative Case Figures
		Complication/Management
		Discussion
		Summary
		References
	Lumbar Foraminal Stenosis: Full Endoscopic Transforaminal Approach
		Introduction (Key Point and Purpose) of Approach
		Indication and Contraindication
			Indication
			Contraindication
		Anesthesia and Position
		Special Surgical Instruments
		Surgical Steps
		Illustrated Cases
			Case 1
			Case 2
		Complication and its Management
		Brief Discussion: Surgical Tip and Pitfall
		References
	Full Endoscopic Paraspinal Approach for Lumbar Foraminal Stenosis
		Introduction
		Indication and Contraindication
		Anaesthesia and Position
		Surgical Steps
			Preoperative Targeting by Needle
		Skin Incision
			Sequential Dilation and Working Cannula Insertion
		Confirmation of Anatomical Landmark and Initial Circumferential Bony Decompression
		The Removal of LF and Peri-eural Adhesiolysis
		Additional Decompression
		Haemostasis and Closure
		Illustrated Cases
			Case 1: Extraforaminal Disc Herniation
			Case 2: Far out Syndrome
			Case 3: Severe Foraminal Stenosis
		Complications and Its Management
		Discussion (Surgical Tips and Pitfalls)
		References
	Contralateral Sublaminar Approach for Lumbar Foraminal Stenosis Using Biportal Endoscopic Surgery
		Introduction
		Indication and Contraindication
			Indications [5, 6]
			Contraindications
		Surgical Instruments
		Surgical Steps (Videos 1 and 2)
		Illustrated Cases
		Complication and its Management
		Discussion
		References
	Biportal Endoscopic Paraspinal Approach for Foraminal and Extraforaminal Disc Herniations
		Introduction
		Indication and Contraindication
		Anesthesia and Position
		Special Surgical Instruments
		Surgical Steps (Illustration, Photos, and Video)
			Skin Marking
			Making a Portal
			Making the Working Space (Video 1)
			Bone Working (Video 2) and Removal of the Foraminal Ligament (Video 3)
			Removal of Disc/Osteophytes (Video 4)
		Illustrated Case or Cases
		Complication and its Management
			Postoperative Hematoma
			Dural Tear
			Abdominal Fluid Collection
		Discussion
		References
Part IV: Lumbar Disc Herniation
	Full Endoscopic Approach with Foraminoplasty
		Introduction
		Indications
		Anesthesia and Position
		Special Surgical Instruments (Fig. 1)
		Surgical Steps
			Initial Targeting
			Foraminoplasty
			Final PELD Procedure
			High-Grade Migration/Downward Sequestration
			Illustrative Case
			Recurrent Disc Herniation
			L5-S1 Intracanal Disc Herniation with a High Iliac Crest
			Illustrative Case
			Central Disc Herniation with a Wide Lamina Angle
			Complications and their Management
			Brief Discussion: Surgical Tip and Pitfall
		References
	Full-Endoscopic Transpedicular Approach
		Introduction
		Anatomy
		Indication and Contraindication
		Surgical Instruments [8]
		Surgical Techniques [8, 9]
		How to Avoid Complications
		Conclusion
		References
	Biportal Endoscopic Approach (Biportal Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy)
		Introduction of Approach
		Indication and Contraindication
		Anesthesia and Position
		Special Surgical Instruments (Figs. 2 and 3)
		Surgical Steps
		Illustrated Cases
		Complication and Its Management
		Discussion: Surgical Tip and Pitfall
		References
Part V: Endoscopic Lumbar Interbody Fusion
	Endoscope-Assisted Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion
		Introduction (Key Point and Purpose) of Approach
		Indication
			Type of Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP) accessible by Endoscope
		Contraindication
		Anaesthesia and Position
		Special Surgical Instruments
		Surgical Steps (Illustration)
			Illustrated Case
			Complication and its Management
		Choosing the Right Operative Strategy
		Brief Discussion
			Key Points
				Benefits of Endoscopic OLIF
		References
	Endoscopic LIF (Uniportal); Endoscopic TLIF; FELIF (Full Endoscopic Lumbar Interbody Fusion)
		Introduction (Key Point and Purpose) of Approach
		Indication and Contraindication
		Anesthesia and Position
		Special Surgical Instruments
		Surgical Steps: Summarized with Video File (Video 1)
		Illustrated Case or Cases
			Case
		Limitation, Complication, and its Management
		Surgical Tip and Pitfall
		References
	Biportal Endoscopic Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
		Introduction
		Indication and Contraindication
		Anesthesia and Position
		Special Surgical Instruments
		Surgical Steps (Videos 1 and 2)
		Illustrated Case or Cases
		Complication and its Management
		Brief Discussion (Surgical Tip and Pitfall)
		References