Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment

Content: Foreword to the Second Edition xix   Preface xxi   Preface to the Second Edition xxv   Preface to the First Edition xxix        Chapter 1: UNIX System Overview 1    1.1 Introduction 1   1.2 UNIX Architecture 1   1.3 Logging In 2   1.4 Files and Directories 4   1.5 Input and Output 8   1.6 Programs and Processes 10   1.7 Error Handling 14   1.8 User Identification 16   1.9 Signals 18   1.10 Time Values 20   1.11 System Calls and Librar y Functions 21   1.12 Summary 23       Chapter 2: UNIX Standardization and Implementations 25    2.1 Introduction 25   2.2 UNIX Standardization 25   2.3 UNIX System Implementations 33   2.4 Relationship of Standards and Implementations 36   2.5 Limits 36   2.6 Options 53   2.7 Feature Test Macros 57   2.8 Primitive System Data Types 58   2.9 Differences Between Standards 58   2.10 Summary 60       Chapter 3: File I/O 61    3.1 Introduction 61   3.2 File Descr iptors 61   3.3 open and openat Functions 62   3.4 creat Function 66   3.5 close Function 66   3.6 lseek Function 66   3.7 read Function 71   3.8 write Function 72   3.9 I/O Efficiency 72   3.10 File Shar ing 74   3.11 Atomic Operations 77   3.12 dup and dup2 Functions 79   3.13 sync, fsync, and fdatasync Functions 81   3.14 fcntl Function 82   3.15 ioctl Function 87   3.16 /dev/fd 88   3.17 Summary 90       Chapter 4: Files and Directories 93    4.1 Introduction 93   4.2 stat, fstat, fstatat, and lstat Functions 93   4.3 File Types 95   4.4 Set-User-ID and Set-Group-ID 98   4.5 File Access Per missions 99   4.6 Ownership of New Files and Directories 101   4.7 access and faccessat Functions 102   4.8 umask Function 104   4.9 chmod, fchmod, and fchmodat Functions 106   4.10 Sticky Bit 108   4.11 chown, fchown, fchownat, and lchown Functions 109   4.12 File Size 111   4.13 File Tr uncation 112   4.14 File Systems 113   4.15 link, linkat, unlink, unlinkat, and remove Functions 116   4.16 rename and renameat Functions 119   4.17 Symbolic Links 120   4.18 Creating and Reading Symbolic Links 123   4.19 File Times 124   4.20 futimens, utimensat, and utimes Functions 126   4.21 mkdir, mkdirat, and rmdir Functions 129   4.22 Reading Director ies 130   4.23 chdir, fchdir, and getcwd Functions 135   4.24 Device Special Files 137   4.25 Summary of File Access Per mission Bits 140   4.26 Summary 140       Chapter 5: Standard I/O Library 143    5.1 Introduction 143   5.2 Streams and FILE Objects 143   5.3 Standard Input, Standard Output, and Standard Error 145   5.4 Buffer ing 145   5.5 Opening a Stream 148   5.6 Reading and Writing a Stream 150   5.7 Line-at-a-Time I/O 152   5.8 Standard I/O Efficiency 153   5.9 Binary I/O 156   5.10 Positioning a Stream 157   5.11 For matted I/O 159   5.12 Implementation Details 164   5.13 Temporar y Files 167   5.14 Memory Streams 171   5.15 Alternatives to Standard I/O 174   5.16 Summary 175       Chapter 6: System Data Files and Information 177    6.1 Introduction 177   6.2 Password File 177   6.3 Shadow Passwords 181   6.4 Group File 182   6.5 Supplementary Group IDs 183   6.6 Implementation Differences 184   6.7 Other Data Files 185   6.8 Login Accounting 186   6.9 System Identification 187   6.10 Time and Date Routines 189   6.11 Summary 196       Chapter 7: Process Environment 197    7.1 Introduction 197   7.2 main Function 197   7.3 Process Termination 198   7.4 Command-Line Arguments 203   7.5 Environment List 203   7.6 Memory Lay out of a C Program 204   7.7 Shared Librar ies 206   7.8 Memory Allocation 207   7.9 Environment Var iables 210   7.10 setjmp and longjmp Functions 213   7.11 getrlimit and setrlimit Functions 220   7.12 Summary 225       Chapter 8: Process Control 227    8.1 Introduction 227   8.2 Process Identifiers 227   8.3 fork Function 229   8.4 vfork Function 234   8.5 exit Functions 236   8.6 wait and waitpid Functions 238   8.7 waitid Function 244   8.8 wait3 and wait4 Functions 245   8.9 Race Conditions 245   8.10 exec Functions 249   8.11 Changing User IDs and Group IDs 255   8.12 Interpreter Files 260   8.13 system Function 264   8.14 Process Accounting 269   8.15 User Identification 275   8.16 Process Scheduling 276   8.17 Process Times 280   8.18 Summary 282       Chapter 9: Process Relationships 285    9.1 Introduction 285   9.2 Ter minal Logins 285   9.3 Networ k Logins 290   9.4 Process Groups 293   9.5 Sessions 295   9.6 Controlling Terminal 296   9.7 tcgetpgrp, tcsetpgrp, and tcgetsid Functions 298   9.8 Job Control 299   9.9 Shell Execution of Programs 303   9.10 Orphaned Process Groups 307   9.11 FreeBSD Implementation 310   9.12 Summary 312       Chapter 10: Signals 313    10.1 Introduction 313   10.2 Signal Concepts 313   10.3 signal Function 323   10.4 Unreliable Signals 326   10.5 Interrupted System Calls 327   10.6 Reentrant Functions 330   10.7 SIGCLD Semantics 332   10.8 Reliable-Signal Ter minology and Semantics 335   10.9 kill and raise Functions 336   10.10 alarm and pause Functions 338   10.11 Signal Sets 344   10.12 sigprocmask Function 346   10.13 sigpending Function 347   10.14 sigaction Function 349   10.15 sigsetjmp and siglongjmp Functions 355   10.16 sigsuspend Function 359   10.17 abort Function 365   10.18 system Function 367   10.19 sleep, nanosleep, and clock_nanosleep Functions 373   10.20 sigqueue Function 376   10.21 Job-Control Signals 377   10.22 Signal Names and Numbers 379   10.23 Summary 381       Chapter 11: Threads 383    11.1 Introduction 383   11.2 Thread Concepts 383   11.3 Thread Identification 384   11.4 Thread Creation 385   11.5 Thread Termination 388   11.6 Thread Synchronization 397   11.7 Summary 422       Chapter 12: Thread Control 425    12.1 Introduction 425   12.2 Thread Limits 425   12.3 Thread Attr ibutes 426   12.4 Synchronization Attr ibutes 430   12.5 Reentrancy 442   12.6 Thread-Specific Data 446   12.7 Cancel Options 451   12.8 Threads and Signals 453   12.9 Threads and fork 457   12.10 Threads and I/O 461   12.11 Summary 462       Chapter 13: Daemon Processes 463    13.1 Introduction 463   13.2 Daemon Character istics 463   13.3 Coding Rules 466   13.4 Error Logging 469   13.5 Single-Instance Daemons 473   13.6 Daemon Conventions 474   13.7 Client-Server Model 479   13.8 Summary 480       Chapter 14: Advanced I/O 481    14.1 Introduction 481   14.2 Nonblocking I/O 481   14.3 Record Locking 485   14.4 I/O Multiplexing 500   14.5 Asynchronous I/O 509   14.6 readv and writev Functions 521   14.7 readn and writen Functions 523   14.8 Memory-Mapped I/O 525   14.9 Summary 531       Chapter 15: Interprocess Communication 533    15.1 Introduction 533   15.2 Pipes 534   15.3 popen and pclose Functions 541   15.4 Coprocesses 548   15.5 FIFOs 552   15.6 XSI IPC 556   15.7 Message Queues 561   15.8 Semaphores 565   15.9 Shared Memor y 571   15.10 POSIX Semaphores 579   15.11 Client-Server Proper ties 585   15.12 Summary 587       Chapter 16: Network IPC: Sockets 589    16.1 Introduction 589   16.2 Socket Descr iptors 590   16.3 Addressing 593   16.4 Connection Establishment 605   16.5 Data Tr ansfer 610   16.6 Socket Options 623   16.7 Out-of-Band Data 626   16.8 Nonblocking and Asynchronous I/O 627   16.9 Summary 628       Chapter 17: Advanced IPC 629    17.1 Introduction 629   17.2 UNIX Domain Sockets 629   17.3 Unique Connections 635   17.4 Passing File Descriptors 642   17.5 An Open Server, Version 1 653   17.6 An Open Server, Version 2 659   17.7 Summary 669       Chapter 18: Terminal I/O 671    18.1 Introduction 671   18.2 Over view 671   18.3 Special Input Characters 678   18.4 Getting and Setting Ter minal Attr ibutes 683   18.5 Ter minal Option Flags 683   18.6 stty Command 691   18.7 Baud Rate Functions 692   18.8 Line Control Functions 693   18.9 Ter minal Identification 694   18.10 Canonical Mode 700   18.11 Noncanonical Mode 703   18.12 Ter minal Window Size 710   18.13 termcap, terminfo, and curses 712   18.14 Summary 713       Chapter 19: Pseudo Terminals 715    19.1 Introduction 715   19.2 Over view 715   19.3 Opening Pseudo-Ter minal Devices 722   19.4 pty_fork Function 726   19.5 pty Program 729   19.6 Using the pty Program 733   19.7 Advanced Features 740   19.8 Summary 741       Chapter 20: A Database Library 743    20.1 Introduction 743   20.2 History 743   20.3 The Librar y 744   20.4 Implementation Over view 746   20.5 Centralized or Decentralized? 750   20.6 Concurrency 752   20.7 Building the Librar y 753   20.8 Source Code 753   20.9 Perfor mance 781   20.10 Summary 786       Chapter 21: Communicating with a Network Printer 789    21.1 Introduction 789   21.2 The Inter net Pr inting Protocol 789   21.3 The Hyper text Transfer Protocol 792   21.4 Printer Spooling 793   21.5 Source Code 795   21.6 Summary 843       Appendix A: Function Prototypes 845        Appendix B: Miscellaneous Source Code 895    B.1 Our Header File 895   B.2 Standard Error Routines 898       Appendix C: Solutions to Selected Exercises 905            Bibliography 947   Index 955