Advanced Oxidation Processes in Dye-Containing Wastewater: Volume 2

Contents
About the Editors
Fenton Process in Dye Removal
	1 Introduction
	2 General Characteristics of Fenton Processes
		2.1 Variables that Affect the Process
		2.2 Homogeneous Versus Heterogeneous Fenton Processes
		2.3 General Properties and Characteristics of Dye Removal
	3 Applications of Fenton Processes in Dye Removal
		3.1 Recent Proposals of Fenton Processes for Dye Removal
		3.2 Fenton Process Applied to Treatment of Real Wastewater Containing Dyes
		3.3 Aspects in Large-Sclae Applications
	4 Future Outlooks and Technological Challenges
	References
Fenton-Like Processes for the Removal of Cationic Dyes
	1 Introduction
	2 Characteristics of Fenton and Different Fenton-Like Processes
		2.1 Fenton Process
		2.2 Different Fenton-Like Processes
	3 Catalysis and Catalysts Used
		3.1 Homogenous Process versus Heterogeneous Process
		3.2 Preparations of Some Important Catalysts
	4 Removal of Cationic Dyes Contaminants via Degradation
		4.1 Acridine Orange
		4.2 Auramine-O
		4.3 Azure-B
		4.4 Basic Blue 3
		4.5 Basic Blue 41
		4.6 Basic Red 46 or Cationic Red X-GRL
		4.7 Basic Yellow 28
		4.8 Basic Blue 41, Basic Red 46, and Basic Yellow 28
		4.9 Crystal Violet
		4.10 Malachite Green
		4.11 Methylene Blue
		4.12 Methyl Red
		4.13 Rhodamine B
		4.14 Safranin T
	5 Comparative Analysis of Different Fenton-Like Processes
	6 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
	References
Plasma Degradation of Synthetic Dyes
	1 Introduction
	2 Introduction to Plasma Technology
		2.1 Plasma Treatment Setup
		2.2 Plasma Chemistry
		2.3 Plasma Inactivation of Bacteria
		2.4 Plasma–Water Interaction
		2.5 Optical Emission Spectroscopy of Plasma Jet
	3 Different Dye Degradation Techniques
	4 Fenton Reaction
		4.1 Photo-Fenton Reaction
		4.2 Electro-Fenton Process
		4.3 Sono-Fenton Process
	5 Non-iron Metal Catalysts for Hydroxyl Radical-Based Oxidation
	6 Factor Affecting Catalytic Activity
		6.1 Effect of pH on Dye Degradation
		6.2 Effect of Temperature on Dye Degradation
		6.3 Effect of Initial Concentration of Dye on Degradation
		6.4 Effect of Concentration of the Oxidant on Dye Degradation
		6.5 Effect of Reaction Time on Dye Degradation
	7 Limitations of Plasma Degradation
	8 Conclusions
	References
Dyes Sonolysis: An Industrial View of Process Intensification‏ Using Carbon Tetrachloride
	1 Introduction
	2 Ultrasound/CCl4: Experiential Outcomes
		2.1 Effect of Acoustic Intensity
		2.2 Effect of CCl4 Concentration
		2.3 Effect of Dyes Concentration
		2.4 Effect of Solution pH
		2.5 Effect of Liquid Temperature
	3 Decomposition Mechanism of Dyes in the Presence of CCl4
	4 Theoretical Section
		4.1 Chemical Scheme
		4.2 Bubble Activity in the Presence of CCl4
		4.3 Decomposition Products of CCl4
	5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
UV/H2O2 Processes for Dye Removal
	1 Introduction
	2 Advanced Oxidation Process Using UV/H2O2 System
	3 Non-catalytic UV/H2O2 System
	4 Catalytic UV/H2O2 System—Iron-Based System
	5 Photocatalytic UV/H2O2 System—TiO2-Based System
	6 Photocatalytic UV/H2O2 System—ZnO-Based System
	7 Photocatalytic UV/H2O2 System—Cobalt-Based System
	8 Catalytic UV/H2O2 System—Miscellaneous
	9 Parameters Affecting Photocatalytic Dye Degradation
	10 Conclusion
	References
Ozone-Based Processes in Dye Removal
	1 Introduction
		1.1 History of Ozone Use in Water and Wastewater Treatment
		1.2 Ozone Chemistry
		1.3 Methods of Ozone Production
	2 Ozone for Dye Removal
		2.1 Process and Mechanisms
		2.2 Factors Affecting Dye Removal
	3 Practical Application
		3.1 Ozone System Configuration
		3.2 Integration with Existing WWTP Process
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Ferrite-Based Magnetic Nanoparticle Heterostructures for Removal of Dyes
	1 Introduction-Importance of Removal of Dyes From Water Bodies
	2 Photocatalysis and Role of Photocatalysts in Dye Removal
		2.1 Ferrite-Based Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs)
	3 Advantages of Ferrite-Based Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles as Photocatalysts in Dye Removal
	4 Single Constituent Ferrite Photocatalysts
	5 Challenges to Be Solved Before MNP Can Be Adopted as Efficient Photocatalysts
	6 Surface Modified Ferrite Photocatalysts
	7 Conclusion
	References
Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Industrial Dyes and Colorants
	1 Introduction
	2 Types of Dyes and Sources
		2.1 Environmental Hazards
	3 Conventional Dye Degradation Process
		3.1 Coagulation Process
		3.2 Membrane Separation
		3.3 Ion Exchange Process
		3.4 Adsorption on Activated Carbon
		3.5 Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP)
	4 Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes
		4.1 Factors Influencing Dye Degradation
	5 Metal Oxide Nanoparticle-Based Dye Degradation
		5.1 Hydrothermal Technique
		5.2 Co-precipitation Process
		5.3 Thermal Decomposition Method
	6 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Dye Degradation
	7 Conclusions
	References
Operational Parameters in Dye Decolorization via Sonochemical and Sonoenzymatic Treatment Processes
	1 Introduction
	2 Fundamentals of the Sonochemical Treatment Process
	3 Dye Decolorization Using Sonochemical or Ultrasound Process
		3.1 Mechanistic Features of Sonochemical Treatment in Dye Decolorization
		3.2 Effect of Process Parameters on Dye Decolorization Under Sonochemical Treatment System
		3.3 Synergetic Effect of Sonochemical Method Coupled with Other Technologies in Dye Degradation
	4 Dye Decolorization Using Sono-Enzymatic Treatment Process
		4.1 Sono-Enzymatic Mechanism in Dye Decolorization
		4.2 Factors Affecting Dye Decolorization by Sono-Enzymatic Process
	5 Comparative Evaluation of Sonochemical Versus Sono-Enzymatic Treatment Process for Decolorization of Dyes
	6 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives
	7 Conclusions
	References
Nanoceramic Based Composites for Removal of Dyes from Aqueous Stream
	1 Introduction
	2 Definition of Dyes
	3 Techniques of Dye Removal
		3.1 Physical Methods
		3.2 Chemical Methods
	4 Advantages of Adsorption
	5 Application of Nanoceramic Based Composites in the Removal of Dyes
		5.1 Methylene Blue
		5.2 Congo Red
		5.3 Rhodamine B
		5.4 Other Dyes
	6 Future Prospective
	7 Conclusion
	References
Electroflocculation for Wastewater Treatment of Textile Industry: Overview and Process Variables Effects
	1 Introduction
	2 Textile Production and Tailings
	3 Types of Textile Dyes in the Industry
	4 Dye Removal Treatment Technologies
	5 Electroflocculation for Wastewater Treatment
	6 Effects of Process Variables on Electroflocculation
		6.1 Bubble Formation
		6.2 Arrangement of Electrodes
		6.3 Distance Between Electrodes
		6.4 Solution pH
		6.5 Temperature
		6.6 Cost Analysis
	7 Conclusion
	References
ZnO Nanocomposites in Dye Degradation
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Approach
		2.1 Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles and Nanosphere
		2.2 Preparation
	3 Characterization Techniques
		3.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
		3.2 UV–Visible Analysis
		3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
		3.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
		3.5 Raman Spectroscopy
		3.6 Brunauer-Emmer-Teller (BET) Techniques
		3.7 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM)
		3.8 Energy Dispersal X-Ray Analysis (EDX)
		3.9 Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis
	4 Methods of Dye Degradation
		4.1 Photocatalytic Degradation
		4.2 Sonocatalytic Degradation
	5 Effects of Parameters on ZnO Dye Degradation
		5.1 Effect of pH on the Photocatalytic Activity
		5.2 Effect of ZnO Nanospheres Dose
		5.3 Effect of Calcination (Elevated Temperature) on the Optical Activity of ZnO Nanospheres
		5.4 Influence of Stirring
		5.5 Effect of Oxygen Concentration
		5.6 Recycling of the Photocatalytic ZnO Nanospheres
	6 Discussions
	7 Conclusion
	Bibliography
Carbon Nitride Application on Advanced Oxidation Processes for Dye Removal
	1 Introduction
	2 Basics of g-C3N4
	3 Role of g-C3N4 in AOPs for Dye Removal
		3.1 g-C3N4 Induced Activation of Oxidants
		3.2 g-C3N4 Based Photocatalysts
		3.3 g-C3N4 Based Sonocatalysis
		3.4 Heterogeneous Fenton-Like Reaction
	4 Conclusions
	References
Combination of Photocatalysis and Membrane Separation for Treatment of Dye Wastewater
	1 Introduction
	2 Dye Wastewater Treatment Processes
		2.1 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
		2.2 Membrane Separation
	3 Combination of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis and Membrane Separation
		3.1 Sequential Combination
		3.2 Hybrid/One-Pot Combination
	4 Conclusion
	References
Enhancement of Anaerobic Digestion and Photodegradation Treatment of Textile Wastewater Through Adsorption
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Equipment and Materials
		2.2 Experimental Procedure
		2.3 Chemical Analyses and Catalyst Characterization
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Effect of Concentration on Adsorption and Biodegradation
		3.2 Effect of Zeolite Dosage on Anaerobic Degradation
		3.3 Effect of Zeolite on Biogas Production
	4 Photodegradation of MB Dye
		4.1 Adsorption and Photodegradation
		4.2 Effect of TiO2 to Zeolite Ratio
		4.3 Effect of Catalyst Dosage
		4.4 Effect of Solution pH Value
	5 Conclusions
	References