Advanced Oxidation Processes for Waste Water Treatment

Cover......Page 1
Advanced Water Treatment Advanced Oxidation Processes......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contributors......Page 4
1 . Titanium dioxide–based nanomaterials for photocatalytic water treatment......Page 5
 1. Introduction......Page 6
  2.1 Industrial and sewage wastewater—current situation......Page 8
  2.2 Advanced oxidation processes......Page 9
 3. Photocatalysis......Page 11
   3.1.1 Desired properties and design of photocatalysts......Page 12
    3.1.2.1 Solution routes......Page 14
   3.1.3 Activation and reuse of photocatalysts......Page 16
   3.1.4 Modified and unmodified TiO2–based materials......Page 17
   3.2.1 Crucial factors determining photocatalytic experiment......Page 18
   3.2.2 Interpretation and comparison of experimental results......Page 20
   4.1.1 Synthesis......Page 22
   4.1.2 Characterization......Page 23
   4.2.1 Model solutions and wastewater......Page 25
   4.3.1 Reactor design......Page 26
   4.3.2 Characteristic of lamps......Page 27
  5.1 Photocatalytic activity of modified and unmodified TiO2 powder......Page 30
  5.2 Photocatalytic activity of modified and unmodified TiO2 films......Page 35
 6. Conclusion......Page 49
 References......Page 51
2 . Application of electrokinetic Fenton process for the remediation of soil contaminated with HCB......Page 61
 List of Publications......Page 293
 Abbreviations......Page 62
 1. Introduction......Page 63
   2.1.1 Principles of the technology......Page 64
   2.1.2 Treatment of organic pollutants......Page 67
  2.2 Electrokinetic Fenton process......Page 70
   2.3.1 Environmental properties......Page 74
   2.3.2 Sources in the environment......Page 75
   2.3.3 Health effects......Page 76
  4.1 Design of apparatus......Page 77
  4.2 Soil characterization......Page 78
    2.2.1.1 Modification of valence band......Page 315
  4.4 Experimental program......Page 79
   4.5.2 Electroosmotic flow......Page 81
  5.2 Feasibility tests......Page 83
  5.3 Electrode positioning......Page 84
  5.4 Electrokinetic Fenton treatment with and without β-cyclodextrin......Page 86
  5.6 Electrokinetic Fenton treatment with polarity reversal......Page 87
   2.7.6 Polyolmediated fabrication......Page 88
   5.7.3 Electroosmotic flow......Page 89
 6. Conclusions......Page 90
 References......Page 92
 Further Reading......Page 97
3 . UVC irradiation–based water treatment......Page 98
 List of Publications......Page 99
 1. Introduction......Page 100
 2. Aims of the Study......Page 101
  3.1 Chemical and photochemical oxidation......Page 102
  3.2 Photocatalytic oxidation......Page 103
   4.1.1 Pulsed UV lamps......Page 104
   4.1.2 Excimer UV lamps......Page 105
   4.1.4 Ultraviolet light-emitting diodes......Page 106
  4.2 Alternatives for UV radiation......Page 107
   4.3.1 Photocatalyst materials......Page 108
   4.3.3 TiO2 modifications......Page 109
  4.4 Enhancements for conventional advanced oxidation processes......Page 110
  4.5 Novel applications and integrated treatment methods......Page 111
  5.1 Characteristics of UV light-emitting diodes......Page 112
  5.2 Characteristics of atomic layer deposited photocatalytic thin films......Page 113
  5.4 Reactor designs and experimental procedures......Page 114
   6.1.1 Phenol oxidation......Page 115
   6.1.2 Disinfection study......Page 116
  6.2 Atomic layer deposited TiO2 in salicylic acid degradation......Page 117
  6.3 Treatment of natural and wastewater samples with conventional UV/H2O2......Page 120
 7. Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 122
 References......Page 123
4 . Photocatalytic activities of antimony, iodide, and rare earth metals on SnO2 for the photodegradation of phenol under UV, s .........Page 132
  1.2 Phenol......Page 135
  1.3 Semiconductor photocatalysis......Page 138
  1.4 Semiconductor photocatalysts......Page 140
  1.5 Research objectives......Page 143
  2.3 The summary of literature review......Page 144
  1.8 Research approach......Page 145
  1.10 Delimitations of study......Page 146
  1.12 Structure of the report......Page 147
  2.1 Stannic oxide(SnO2) catalysts......Page 148
  2.2 Photocatalytic activity of SnO2 in aqueous solution......Page 152
  2.5 Traps for electrons......Page 153
  2.6 Application of undoped SnO2 in photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants......Page 155
   2.6.1 Improving SnO2 photodegradation efficiency......Page 156
    2.6.2.1 SnO2 coupled with other semiconductors......Page 157
    2.6.3.1 SnO2 doped with rare earth metals......Page 163
    2.6.3.2 SnO2 doped with transition metals......Page 165
    2.6.3.3 SnO2 doped with metalloids......Page 166
    2.6.3.4 Other metals doped with SnO2......Page 168
    2.6.4.1 Iodine doped tin oxide......Page 171
   2.7.1 Sol-gel......Page 173
   2.7.2 Coprecipitation......Page 174
   2.7.3 Hydrothermal and solvothermal methods......Page 175
   2.7.4 Pyrolysis......Page 176
   2.7.7 Chemical vapor deposition......Page 177
   2.7.12 Insertion methods......Page 178
   3.2.1 Synthesis of pure (control) SnO2 nanoparticles......Page 180
    3.2.2.1 Synthesis of SnO2/I nanoparticles......Page 182
    3.2.2.2 Synthesis of SnO2/Nd nanoparticles......Page 183
    3.2.2.3 Synthesis of SnO2/La nanoparticles......Page 184
    3.2.2.4 Synthesis of SnO2/Ce nanoparticles......Page 185
    3.2.2.5 Synthesis of SnO2/Sb nanoparticles......Page 186
    3.2.2.6 Synthesis of SnO2/Gd nanoparticles......Page 187
   3.3.1 Sol-gel method......Page 188
   3.5.1 UV photocatalytic reactor......Page 189
   3.5.3 Solar light photocatalytic reactor......Page 190
    3.6.1.1 Catalyst loading......Page 191
   3.6.3 Effect of pH of solution......Page 192
   3.7.1 X-ray diffraction method......Page 193
   3.7.3 Transmission electron microscopy......Page 194
   3.8.1 UV–visible light spectrophotometer......Page 195
   3.8.2 Total organic carbon analyzer......Page 196
  3.9 High performance liquid chromatography......Page 197
    3.9.1.1 High-performance liquid chromatography mobile phase preparation......Page 198
   3.10.1 Sample preparation......Page 199
   3.10.2 Chemical analysis......Page 200
  3.11 Capillary electrophoresis......Page 201
  4.1 Motivation for studying phenol and its by-products......Page 203
   4.2.1 X-ray diffraction analysis......Page 204
   4.2.2 Crystallinity......Page 208
   4.2.3 Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area......Page 209
   4.2.4 Electron microscopic analysis......Page 212
   4.2.5 Transmission microscopic analysis......Page 214
  4.3 Optical activity......Page 218
   4.4.1 Effect of pH......Page 220
   4.4.2 Effect of initial phenol concentration......Page 223
   4.4.3 Effect of catalyst loading......Page 224
   4.4.5 Light intensity......Page 226
  4.5 Photocatalytic degradation......Page 227
   4.5.2 Phenol photodegradation......Page 232
    4.5.2.1 Under UV light irradiation......Page 233
    4.5.2.3 Under visible light irradiation......Page 236
  4.6 Total organic carbon removal during phenol degradation......Page 237
   4.7.1 High-performance liquid chromatography separation technique......Page 243
    4.7.1.1 Method development......Page 247
   4.7.2 Chemical oxygen demand photodegradation measurement......Page 250
   4.7.3 Gas chromatography analysis technique......Page 251
   4.7.4 Capillary electrophoresis to monitor phenol and its byproducts......Page 252
   4.7.5 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum of phenol samples......Page 254
  4.8 Degradation mechanism of phenol involving the O–H bond (formation mechanism)......Page 255
   4.8.1 Hydroquinone......Page 257
   4.8.4 Resorcinol......Page 258
  4.9 Photocatalytic degradation of different aromatic compounds......Page 259
  4.10 Kinetics of phenol degradation......Page 260
 5. Conclusions and Future Research......Page 263
  5.1 Recommendations......Page 265
 References......Page 266
5 . Modification of photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity for water treatment......Page 292
  Abbreviations......Page 294
  1.1 Fundamental knowledge of semiconductors......Page 295
   1.2.1 Brief history of heterogeneous photocatalysis......Page 299
   1.2.2 Principles of heterogeneous photocatalysis......Page 300
   1.2.3 Kinetic study of heterogeneous photocatalysis......Page 303
    1.2.4.3 Loading of photocatalyst......Page 304
    1.2.4.5 Light intensity, radiant flux, and quantum yield......Page 305
    2.1.1.1 AB2 type......Page 306
    2.1.1.2 AB type......Page 307
    2.1.1.4 A2O5......Page 309
   2.1.2 Ternary compounds......Page 310
    2.1.2.1 ABO3: perovskite and perovskite-related structure......Page 311
    2.1.2.2 ABO4: scheelite structure......Page 312
    2.1.2.3 AB2O4: spinel structure......Page 313
    2.1.2.4 A3BO4 type......Page 314
   2.2.2 Modification of morphology......Page 317
   2.2.3 Formation of semiconductor composite......Page 319
    2.2.3.1 Composite photocatalyst......Page 320
    2.2.3.2 Metal nanoparticle or conductive material loading......Page 322
 3. Research Objective......Page 323
   4.3.1 Synthesis of CaIn2O4......Page 324
  2.3 Production of biofuels from lignocellulose......Page 380
   4.3.2 Synthesis of BiPO4 and rare-earth element–doped BiPO4......Page 325
   5.1.2 Hydrolysis with solid acids......Page 326
   4.4.1 Powder X-ray diffraction......Page 327
   4.4.4 UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy......Page 328
  5.2 Coproduction of CNC and fermentable sugars......Page 404
  4.5 Photocatalytic experiment......Page 329
   5.1.1 CaIn2O4......Page 330
   5.1.2 BiPO4......Page 332
  5.2 Improving photocatalytic activity by luminescence loading......Page 336
  5.3 Improving photocatalytic activity by doping......Page 338
  5.4 Improving photocatalytic activity by coating......Page 341
  5.5 Photocatalytic mineralization of phenol over BiPO4......Page 344
 6. Conclusions and Future Works......Page 347
 References......Page 349
6 . Value-added chemicals and materials from lignocellulosic biomass: carboxylic acids and cellulose nanocrystals......Page 370
  Abbreviations......Page 372
 1. Introduction......Page 373
  1.2 Structure of the thesis......Page 375
 2. Lignocellulosic Biomass as an Alternative Source of Value-Added Products......Page 376
  2.1 Composition and characteristics of lignocellulosic biomass......Page 377
  2.2 Production of chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass......Page 379
  2.4 Production of biobased materials (nanocomposites) from lignocellulosic biomass......Page 382
  2.5 Main routes for lignocellulosic biomass conversion......Page 383
  2.6 Pretreatment routes for biomass conversion......Page 385
   2.6.2 Chemical pretreatment......Page 386
   2.6.4 Physicochemical pretreatment......Page 389
 3. Partial Wet Oxidation as a Route for the Production of Carboxylic Acids......Page 390
  3.1 Chemistry of wet oxidation......Page 391
  3.2 Catalytic wet oxidation......Page 393
   3.2.1 Heteropolyacids as wet oxidation catalysts......Page 394
   3.3.2 Biomass pretreatment......Page 395
   3.3.3 Production of chemicals......Page 396
 4. Recovery of Carboxylic Acids from Aqueous Solutions by Liquid–Liquid Extraction......Page 397
  4.2 Types of extraction solvents......Page 398
  4.3 Solvent recovery......Page 399
   4.3.1 Distillation......Page 400
 5. Integrated Coproduction of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Fermentable Sugars......Page 401
   5.1.1 Acid hydrolysis......Page 402
   5.1.4 Hydrolysis with gaseous acids......Page 403
  6.1 PWO experiments......Page 405
  6.2 Solvent extraction and regeneration experiments......Page 406
  6.3 Enzymatic treatment and CNC isolation......Page 407
   7.1.1 Effect of temperature and reaction time......Page 409
   7.1.3 Effect of lignin concentration......Page 410
   7.1.4 Changes in the structure of lignin during PWO......Page 411
  7.2 Catalytic PWO of lignin with heteropolyacids......Page 412
   7.2.3 Effect of catalyst concentration......Page 413
   7.2.5 Recoverability of HPA catalysts......Page 417
   7.3.1 Solvent screening based on formic acid extraction......Page 418
   7.3.2 Phase separation and the formation of intermediates......Page 419
   7.3.3 Extraction of a mixture of formic acid, acetic acid, and furfural with Alamine 336-toluene and 2-MTHF solvents......Page 420
   7.4.1 Sugar yields......Page 421
   7.4.3 Overall CNC yield (wt% original feedstock)......Page 422
  8.1 Conclusions......Page 424
  8.2 Suggestions for future work......Page 427
 References......Page 428
 B......Page 440
 C......Page 441
 E......Page 442
 H......Page 443
 L......Page 444
 P......Page 445
 S......Page 447
 T......Page 448
 U......Page 449
 Z......Page 450
Back Cover......Page 451