Advanced onsite wastewater systems technologies

Contents......Page 16
Introduction......Page 22
Septic systems versus advanced onsite systems versus centralized treatment......Page 26
Managed advanced onsite treatment......Page 27
Wastewater treatment levels and receiving environment......Page 28
Septic systems cannot do it alone......Page 30
Onsite treatment to levels greater than septic tanks......Page 33
Assimilation: subsurface or surface dispersal of effluent......Page 34
Responsible management and regulations......Page 35
Onsite technology is ready for the 21st century......Page 38
Advanced onsite treatment systems......Page 39
Media filters......Page 40
Natural systems......Page 41
Waterless systems......Page 42
Onsite effluent dispersal systems......Page 43
Remote monitoring system......Page 45
Regulatory framework......Page 46
Introduction......Page 52
The term decentralized......Page 53
Centralized versus decentralized solutions......Page 54
Categorizing decentralized and centralized systems......Page 55
Pollution scale......Page 56
Treatability......Page 68
Temperature and FOG......Page 80
Determining wastewater characteristics......Page 81
A simple look at wastewater treatment......Page 82
Concept of overall treatment levels......Page 84
Soil and site issues......Page 91
Introduction......Page 94
Theory of attached-growth wastewater treatment systems......Page 96
Types of natural and synthetic media used for treating wastewater......Page 99
Peat filters......Page 101
Flow and load estimates......Page 102
Single-pass systems......Page 103
Single-pass sand filter media......Page 105
Loading rate and surface area......Page 106
Methods and benefits of recirculation......Page 108
Recirculation ratio......Page 110
Recirculation tanks......Page 114
Recirculating sand filter media......Page 115
Loading rate and surface area......Page 116
Distribution system design......Page 118
Large recirculating sand filters and recovery techniques......Page 120
Textile filters......Page 121
Open cell foam filters......Page 123
Controls......Page 124
Level sensors......Page 125
Determining timer settings......Page 126
Pump selection......Page 129
Monitoring tubes......Page 130
Monitoring routine......Page 131
Monitoring User Inputs......Page 132
Soil dispersal of media filter effluent......Page 133
Introduction......Page 136
Theory of biochemical wastewater treatment using aerobic treatment processes......Page 137
Fermentation and respiration......Page 138
Endogenous Respiration......Page 140
Food-to-microorganism ratio......Page 141
Process description......Page 142
Extended aeration......Page 143
Suspended-growth bioreactors......Page 144
Coupled contact aeration......Page 145
Sequencing batch reactor systems or periodic processes......Page 147
Oxygen transfer......Page 149
Hydraulic and organic loading......Page 151
Nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater......Page 152
Typical problems......Page 153
Mechanical evaluation......Page 154
Performance evaluation......Page 155
References......Page 156
Introduction......Page 158
Effluent dispersal technologies......Page 159
Soil and site evaluation: then and now......Page 163
Assimilation: subsurface dispersal of effluent......Page 174
New concept for effluent dispersal system design......Page 176
Experimental design example......Page 177
Field Evaluation......Page 179
Nitrogen reduction and the effluent dispersal system......Page 181
Nitrogen model......Page 182
Total maximum yearly load (TMYL)......Page 184
Introduction......Page 188
EPA management models......Page 189
Responsible Management Entity (RME)......Page 190
Who can be an RME?......Page 192
Utility/RME system concept......Page 193
Value-added services......Page 195
Redefining the roles......Page 196
Serving the people and the environment......Page 197
Long-term cost......Page 198
Examples of utility programs......Page 199
Introduction......Page 202
Regulatory framework for use of septic systems......Page 204
Solution driven system......Page 206
Performance-based framework......Page 208
Building a foundation for performance-based regulations......Page 211
Onsite system classifications......Page 213
Performance monitoring requirements matrix......Page 215
Approval process for advanced onsite technology......Page 218
Performance verification protocol......Page 219
Approved process......Page 227
Soil and site issues......Page 236
Separation and setback distances......Page 237
Site conditions......Page 242
Concept......Page 243
Approach......Page 244
Introduction......Page 248
Integrating the use of advanced onsite systems in planning......Page 249
Onsite versus centralized wastewater systems......Page 250
Wastewater management at small scale......Page 251
Wastewater and the receiving environment......Page 253
Operation and management infrastructure......Page 256
Introduction......Page 264
Managed onsite systems......Page 265
Why treat beyond the septic tank?......Page 267
Fixing current problems and addressing future needs......Page 268
Performance monitoring is now possible......Page 270
Regulating use of onsite systems online......Page 271
Five steps to E-government for onsite systems......Page 273
The future is bright......Page 279
F......Page 280
R......Page 281
Z......Page 282