Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism

Cover......Page 1
Title Page
......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Statement......Page 7
Dedication......Page 9
Brief Contents......Page 10
Contents......Page 11
Preface......Page 19
Introduction......Page 23
Components of Typical Cells......Page 24
Cellular Proteins......Page 35
Apoptosis......Page 41
Biological Energy......Page 42
Summary......Page 49
Perspective: Nutritional Genomics: A New Perspective on Food, by Ruth Debusk, PhD, RD......Page 51
The Structures of the Digestive Tract and the Digestive and Absorptive Processes......Page 55
Coordination and Regulation of the Digestive Process......Page 78
Summary......Page 80
Perspective: An Overview of Selected Digestive System Disorders with Implications for Nourishing the Body......Page 82
Overview of Structural Features......Page 85
Simple Carbohydrates......Page 86
Complex Carbohydrates......Page 90
Digestion......Page 91
Absorption, Transport, and Distribution......Page 92
Glycemic Response to Carbohydrates......Page 99
Integrated Metabolism in Tissues......Page 100
Regulation of Metabolism......Page 122
Summary......Page 126
Perspective: High-Fructose Corn Syrup: Just Another Sweetener?......Page 129
Definitions of Dietary Fiber and Functional Fiber......Page 133
Chemistry and Characteristics of Dietary and Functional Fibers......Page 134
Selected Properties and Physiological and Metabolic Effects of Fiber......Page 139
Roles of Fiber in Disease Prevention and Management......Page 146
Health Claims and Food Labels......Page 147
Recommended Fiber Intake......Page 148
Summary......Page 149
Perspective: Phytochemicals and Herbal Supplements in Health and Disease......Page 151
Perspective: Are Prebiotics Beneficial to Health?......Page 156
Introduction......Page 159
Structure and Biological Importance......Page 160
Digestion......Page 168
Absorption......Page 170
Transport and Storage......Page 173
Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk......Page 182
Integrated Metabolism in Tissues......Page 186
Regulation of Lipid Metabolism......Page 195
Brown Fat Thermogenesis......Page 196
Ethyl Alcohol: Metabolism and Biochemical Impact......Page 197
Summary......Page 200
Perspective: The Role of Lipoproteins and Immunity in Atherogenesis......Page 203
Amino Acid Classification......Page 205
Sources of Amino Acids......Page 208
Digestion......Page 209
Absorption......Page 211
Amino Acid Metabolism......Page 214
Protein Synthesis......Page 229
Protein Structure and Organization......Page 231
Functional Roles of Proteins and Nitrogen-Containing Nonprotein Compounds......Page 232
Interorgan “Flow” of Amino Acids and Organ-Specific Metabolism......Page 246
Catabolism of Tissue Proteins......Page 258
Changes in Body Mass with Age......Page 259
Protein Quality and Protein and Amino Acid Needs......Page 260
Summary......Page 266
Perspective: The Impact of Starvation, Metabolic Stress, and Low-Grade Inflammation on Body Proteins and Protein Metabolism......Page 268
Interrelationship of Carbohydrate, Lipid, and Protein Metabolism......Page 271
Macronutrient Intermediates Interconversions......Page 272
Energy Homeostasis......Page 274
The Central Role of the Liver in Metabolism......Page 275
Tissue-Specific Metabolism during the Fed-Fast Cycle......Page 277
System Integration and Homeostasis......Page 283
Sports Nutrition......Page 289
Summary......Page 294
Perspective: Metabolic Syndrome......Page 296
Body Weight: What Should We Weigh?......Page 297
Methods for Measuring Body Composition......Page 301
Energy Balance......Page 308
Components of Energy Expenditure......Page 310
Assessing Energy Expenditure......Page 312
Regulation of Body Weight and Composition......Page 316
Summary......Page 320
Perspective: Eating Disorders......Page 323
Introduction......Page 329
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)......Page 332
Thiamin (Vitamin B1)......Page 341
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)......Page 347
Niacin (Vitamin B3)......Page 352
Pantothenic Acid......Page 356
Biotin......Page 360
Folate......Page 366
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)......Page 376
Vitamin B6......Page 382
Perspective: Genetics and Nutrition: The Effect on Folic Acid Needs and Risk to Chronic Disease, by Dr. Rita M. Johnson......Page 388
Vitamin A and Carotenoids......Page 393
Vitamin D......Page 412
Vitamin E......Page 422
Vitamin K......Page 431
Perspective: The Antioxidant Nutrients, Reactive Species, and Disease......Page 438
Calcium......Page 447
Phosphorus......Page 460
Magnesium......Page 465
Perspective: Osteoporosis and Diet......Page 472
Water Distribution in the Body......Page 477
Maintenance of Fluid Balance......Page 478
The Kidney’s Role......Page 479
Maintenance of Electrolyte Balance......Page 483
Sodium......Page 484
Potassium......Page 488
Chloride......Page 489
Acid-Base Balance: The Control of Hydrogen Ion Concentration......Page 491
Summary......Page 495
Perspective: Macrominerals and Hypertension......Page 497
Perspective: Fluid Balance and the Thermal Stress of Exercise......Page 501
Iron......Page 503
Zinc......Page 522
Copper......Page 532
Selenium......Page 541
Chromium......Page 549
Iodine......Page 552
Manganese......Page 558
Molybdenum......Page 561
Perspective: Nutrient–Drug Interactions......Page 566
Fluoride......Page 569
Arsenic......Page 572
Boron......Page 575
Nickel......Page 576
Silicon......Page 577
Vanadium......Page 579
Cobalt......Page 581
Perspective: No, Silver Is Not Another Essential Ultratrace Mineral: Tips to Identifying Bogus Claims about Dietary Supplements......Page 582
Glossary......Page 585
Index......Page 591