Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 8
Copyright......Page 9
Contents......Page 12
Preface......Page 20
CHAPTER 1 The Cell: A Microcosm of Life......Page 24
Components of Typical Cells......Page 25
Cellular Proteins......Page 35
Apoptosis......Page 42
Biological Energy......Page 43
Summary......Page 50
PERSPECTIVE Nutritional Genomics: The Foundation for Personalized Nutrition......Page 52
The Structures of the Digestive Tract and the Digestive Process......Page 56
Coordination and Regulation of the Digestive Process......Page 78
Summary......Page 80
PERSPECTIVE An Overview of Selected Digestive System Disorders with Implications for Nourishing the Body......Page 82
Structural Features......Page 86
Simple Carbohydrates......Page 87
Digestion......Page 91
Absorption, Transport, and Distribution......Page 94
Glycemic Response to Carbohydrates......Page 99
Integrated Metabolism in Tissues......Page 101
Regulation of Metabolism......Page 122
Summary......Page 125
PERSPECTIVE Hypoglycemia: Fact or Fall Guy?......Page 128
Definitions of Dietary Fiber and Functional Fiber......Page 130
Chemistry and Characteristics of Dietary and Functional Fibers......Page 131
Selected Properties and Physiological and Metabolic Effects of Fiber......Page 135
Roles of Fiber in Disease Prevention and Management......Page 141
Recommended Fiber Intake......Page 143
Summary......Page 144
PERSPECTIVE Phytochemicals and Herbal Supplements in Health and Disease......Page 147
CHAPTER 5 Lipids......Page 154
Structure and Biological Importance......Page 155
Digestion......Page 163
Absorption......Page 166
Transport and Storage......Page 167
Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk......Page 177
Integrated Metabolism in Tissues......Page 180
Regulation of Lipid Metabolism......Page 190
Brown Fat Thermogenesis......Page 191
Therapeutic Inhibition of Fat Absorption: Olestra and Orlistat......Page 192
Ethyl Alcohol: Metabolism and Biochemical Impact......Page 193
Summary......Page 196
PERSPECTIVE The Role of Lipids and Lipoproteins in Atherogenesis......Page 199
Functional Categories......Page 202
Protein Structure and Organization......Page 205
Amino Acid Classification......Page 207
Digestion and Absorption......Page 212
Amino Acid Metabolism......Page 221
Interorgan “Flow” of Amino Acids and Organ-Specific Metabolism......Page 245
Protein Turnover: Synthesis and Catabolism of Tissue Proteins......Page 255
Changes in Body Mass with Age......Page 257
Protein Quality and Protein Intake......Page 260
Summary......Page 265
PERSPECTIVE Protein Turnover: Starvation Compared with Stress......Page 269
Interrelationship of Carbohydrate, Lipid, and Protein Metabolism......Page 274
The Central Role of the Liver in Metabolism......Page 277
Tissue-Specific Metabolism during the Fed-Fast Cycle......Page 279
System Integration and Homeostasis......Page 284
Metabolic Syndrome......Page 287
Sports Nutrition......Page 288
Summary......Page 297
PERSPECTIVE Diabetes: Metabolism Out of Control......Page 299
Body Weight: What Should We Weigh?......Page 302
Formulas......Page 303
The Composition of the Human Body......Page 305
Methods for Measuring Body Composition......Page 306
Energy Balance......Page 313
Components of Energy Expenditure......Page 314
Assessing Energy Expenditure......Page 315
Regulation of Body Weight and Composition......Page 321
Summary......Page 324
PERSPECTIVE Eating Disorders......Page 326
CHAPTER 9 The Water-Soluble Vitamins......Page 332
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)......Page 334
Thiamin (Vitamin B[Sub(1)])......Page 346
Riboflavin (Vitamin B[sub(2)])......Page 352
Niacin (Vitamin B[sub(3)])......Page 357
Pantothenic Acid......Page 361
Biotin......Page 365
Folate......Page 371
Vitamin B[sub(12)] (Cobalamin)......Page 381
Vitamin B[sub(6)]......Page 387
PERSPECTIVE Genetics and Nutrition: The Possible Effect on Folate Needs and Risk of Chronic Disease......Page 393
Vitamin A and Carotenoids......Page 396
Vitamin D......Page 415
Vitamin E......Page 424
Vitamin K......Page 432
PERSPECTIVE The Antioxidant Nutrients, Reactive Species, and Disease......Page 440
CHAPTER 11 Macrominerals......Page 452
Calcium......Page 454
Phosphorus......Page 466
Magnesium......Page 470
Sodium......Page 475
Potassium......Page 477
Chloride......Page 479
PERSPECTIVE Macrominerals and Hypertension......Page 481
PERSPECTIVE Osteoporosis and Diet......Page 484
CHAPTER 12 Microminerals......Page 492
Iron......Page 493
Zinc......Page 511
Copper......Page 521
Selenium......Page 529
Chromium......Page 536
Iodine......Page 540
Manganese......Page 545
Molybdenum......Page 548
Fluoride......Page 552
PERSPECTIVE Nutrient–Drug Interactions......Page 556
CHAPTER 13 Ultratrace Elements......Page 560
Arsenic......Page 561
Boron......Page 564
Nickel......Page 565
Silicon......Page 567
Vanadium......Page 569
Cobalt......Page 571
Water Distribution in the Body......Page 572
Maintenance of Fluid Balance......Page 573
The Kidney’s Role......Page 574
Maintenance of Electrolyte Balance......Page 578
Acid-Base Balance: The Control of Hydrogen Ion Concentration......Page 580
Acid-Base Buffers......Page 581
Renal Regulation of pH......Page 582
Summary......Page 584
PERSPECTIVE Fluid Balance and the Thermal Stress of Exercise......Page 586
CHAPTER 15 Experimental Design and Critical Interpretation of Research......Page 588
Research Methodologies......Page 589
Terms That Describe Research Quality......Page 591
Initiation of Research......Page 592
Problems and Pitfalls in Research......Page 593
Nutrition Research on the Internet......Page 594
Summary......Page 595
Glossary......Page 596
Credits......Page 602
Index......Page 604