Advanced Materials in Smart Building Skins for Sustainability: From Nano to Macroscale

Preface
Contents
1 Spectral Selective Solar Harvesting and Energy Generation via Transparent Building Skin
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 Optical Thermal Insulation via Photothermal Window Coatings
		1.1.2 Photovoltaic and Photothermal Dual-Modality Building Skins
		1.1.3 3D Solar Harvesting and Photothermal Energy Generation for Building Heating Utilities
	1.2 Photothermal Materials for Energy Efficient Building Skin: Synthesis and Property Characterization
		1.2.1 Synthesis and Characterization of the Photothermal Materials: Porphyrins and Iron Oxides
		1.2.2 Structure and Microstructure of Photothermal Materials
		1.2.3 Optical Property Characterization of the Photothermal Thin Films
	1.3 Fundamental Studies on the Photonic and Photothermal Mechanisms
		1.3.1 Raman Spectroscopy Study
		1.3.2 Band Structures of Iron Oxides and Porphyrin Compounds
	1.4 Photothermal Thin Films for Energy-Efficient Windows: Optical Thermal Insulation
	1.5 Photothermal Properties and Engineering Parameters
		1.5.1 Photothermal (PT) Conversion Efficiency, η
		1.5.2 Specific Photothermal Coefficient, µ
		1.5.3 The Solar Photothermal Efficiency
		1.5.4 U-factor, U
		1.5.5 Angle Dependence of Solar Harvesting and Thermal Energy Generation
	1.6 Multilayer Solar Harvesting and Energy Generation
		1.6.1 Photothermal Generator (PTG)
		1.6.2 Characterization of the Transparent Photothermal Thin Films
		1.6.3 Heating Curves of Multilayer Photothermal Thin Films
		1.6.4 Photothermal Energy Generation and Amplification via Multilayers
	1.7 PT-PV Dual-Modality Building Skins
	1.8 Conclusion
	References
2 Low Energy Adaptive Biological Material Skins from Nature to Buildings
	2.1 Introduction: Nature to Buildings
	2.2 Methodologies in Practice: The Active Skin
		2.2.1 Wood
		2.2.2 Plants and Mosses
		2.2.3 Fungi
		2.2.4 Biopolymers
		2.2.5 Microorganisms
	2.3 Outlook: Challenges in Disguise
	References
3 Dynamic Electro-, Mechanochromic Materials and Structures for Multifunctional Smart Windows
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Multifunctional Smart Windows
		3.2.1 Combined Energy Saving and Energy Storage
		3.2.2 Combined Energy Saving and Self-powering
		3.2.3 Combined Energy Saving and Self-cleaning
		3.2.4 Combined Energy Saving and Water Harvesting
	3.3 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
4 Material Programming for Bio-inspired and Bio-based Hygromorphic Building Envelopes
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Understanding and Deploying Wood as Pre-constructed Natural Hygromorphic Smart Material
	4.3 Computational Design and 3D Printing as Tools for Constructing Natural Material Systems
	4.4 Material Co-design for Bio Based, Hygromorphic Materials and Next-Generation 4D Printed Smart Structures
	4.5 Future Perspectives—Learning to Build and Live with Biobased Materials for Sustainable Building Systems
	References
5 Solar-Thermal Conversion in Envelope Materials for Energy Savings
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Photoactivation Modes
	5.3 Photothermal Mechanisms
		5.3.1 Plasmonic Localized Heating
		5.3.2 Electron/Hole Generation and Relaxation
		5.3.3 Thermal Vibration of Molecules
	5.4 Timescales of Photothermal Mechanisms
	5.5 Performance and Applications of Building Photothermal Materials
		5.5.1 Photothermal Materials Applied to Improve Windows’ Thermal Performance
		5.5.2 Photothermal Effect in Photo-Thermochromic and Phase Change Materials Used in Buildings Envelopes
		5.5.3 Solar-Thermal Conversion in Conventional Passive Solar Designs
	5.6 Future Research Directions for Using Photothermal Materials in Buildings Envelopes
	References
6 Thermally Responsive Building Envelopes from Materials to Engineering
	6.1 Responsive Building Envelope: An Evolving Paradigm
	6.2 Classification of RBE
		6.2.1 Variable Thermal Insulations
		6.2.2 Dynamic Shading
		6.2.3 Adaptive Ventilation
	6.3 Materials for Adaptive Building Envelopes
		6.3.1 Humidity Sensitive Materials
		6.3.2 Temperature-Responsive Materials
		6.3.3 Electrochromic Materials and Passive Lighting Control
	6.4 Future Outlooks
	References
7 Energy Performance Analysis of Kinetic Façades by Climate Zones
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Research Questions
		7.1.2 Research Scope
	7.2 Research Method
	7.3 Energy Modeling and Simulation
		7.3.1 Energy Modeling
		7.3.2 Kinetic Façade Modeling
		7.3.3 Kinetic Façade Simulation
		7.3.4 Optimized Static Façade
	7.4 Simulation Results
		7.4.1 Folding Façade Performance
		7.4.2 Sliding Façade Performance
		7.4.3 Performance Comparison Between Folding and Sliding Façades
	7.5 Discussion
	7.6 Conclusion
	References
8 Integration of Solar Technologies in Facades: Performances and Applications for Curtain Walling
	8.1 BIPV Technology
	8.2 Innovation and New Frontiers of BIPV Technology
	8.3 Architectural Integration of Photovoltaics in Façade: The Need of Requirements and Performances as Building Products
	8.4 Performances and Requirements
	8.5 Quality Control of BIPV Technologies and Components
	8.6 Discussion and Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
9 Interdependencies Between Photovoltaics and Thermal Microclimate
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Methodology
	9.3 Results
		9.3.1 Impacts of Photovoltaics on the Thermal Microclimate
		9.3.2 Impacts of Thermal Microclimate on Photovoltaic Performance
	9.4 Discussion
		9.4.1 Main Findings: Impacts of Photovoltaics on the Thermal Microclimate
		9.4.2 Main Findings: Impacts of Thermal Microclimate on Photovoltaic Performance
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
10 Material Driven Adaptive Design Model for Environmentally-Responsive Envelopes
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Material Driven Adaptation as a Design System
		10.2.1 Decentralized Control
		10.2.2 Self-Responsiveness
		10.2.3 Self-Sufficiency
		10.2.4 Micro–macro Effect
		10.2.5 Strength and Flexibility
		10.2.6 Free-Form Transformation
	10.3 Experiments
		10.3.1 Shape Memory Polymers
		10.3.2 Testing SMP Surfaces
		10.3.3 SMP and EcoFlex Composite
		10.3.4 Using SMP with Wood Veneers
	10.4 Conclusion
	References
11 Design Principles, Strategies, and Environmental Interaction of Dynamic Envelopes
	11.1 Appearance and Space, Static to Dynamic
	11.2 The Value Pursuit of the Dynamic Envelope System
		11.2.1 Ecological Value Pursuit: Light, Heat, and Wind Environment
		11.2.2 Diversified Spatial Adaptability
		11.2.3 Improved Aesthetic Feeling
	11.3 The Changing Principle of the Dynamic Envelope System
		11.3.1 Variable Construction Depending on the Mechanical Device
		11.3.2 Variable Materials Based on Their Own Characteristics
		11.3.3 Combination of Variable Construction and Material
	11.4 Organizational Mode of a Dynamic Envelope Unit
		11.4.1 Unit Form
		11.4.2 Scale Division
	11.5 Design Strategy of Dynamic Envelope Systems
		11.5.1 Rotating Roof Interface Based on the Pursuit of Ventilation and Shading
		11.5.2 Folding Facade Interface Based on the Pursuit of Shading
		11.5.3 Sliding Atrium Interface Based on the Pursuit of Spatial Adaptability and Ecology
	11.6 Conclusion
	References
12 Aesthetics and Perception: Dynamic Facade Design with Programmable Materials
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Engaging the Senses
	12.3 Keeping the Good Stuff in and the Bad Stuff Out
	12.4 Project 1_ Phase Change Materials
		12.4.1 Rethinking PCM Placement and Operation
		12.4.2 Application_ Expanded Wall Section
	12.5 Project 2_ Shape Memory Polymers
		12.5.1 Shape Memory Effect
		12.5.2 Temperature Activated Shape Memory Polymers
		12.5.3 Applications and Issues
	12.6 Conclusion
	References
13 Design Research on Climate-Responsive Building Skins from Prototype and Case Study Perspectives
	13.1 Climate-Responsive Building Skins
	13.2 A Case Study in Continental Climate
		13.2.1 Project Description and Climatic Features
		13.2.2 Design of the Climate-Responsive Skin
		13.2.3 Limitations and Challenges
	13.3 Prototype Research
		13.3.1 Prototype Extraction
		13.3.2 Prototype Experiments
		13.3.3 Prototype Integration
	13.4 Conclusion
	References
Index