Advanced Geoinformation Science

Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 7
Acknowledgments......Page 9
Editors......Page 10
Contributors......Page 12
1.1 Introduction......Page 16
1.2.1 What Are Spatial Data?......Page 18
1.2.2 Traditional Methods for Spatial Data Capture and Input......Page 19
1.2.3 Nonconventional Methods to Capture Spatial Data......Page 20
1.3 Spatial Data Management and Integration......Page 21
1.4 Spatial Data Mining......Page 24
1.5 Geoinformation Applications......Page 25
1.6 Challenges for Geoinformation Science......Page 26
References......Page 28
2. Earth Observations......Page 32
2.1.2 History of Space-Based Earth Observation......Page 33
2.1.3 Remote Sensing of Global Land Cover and Land Use Change......Page 36
2.2.1 Introduction......Page 38
2.2.2 Overview of Sensors and Missions......Page 39
2.2.3 Atmospheric Sounding......Page 45
2.2.4 Aerosol and Cloud......Page 46
2.2.4 Precipitation......Page 48
2.3.1 Introduction to Hyperspectral Imagery......Page 51
2.3.2 Why HSI?......Page 54
2.3.4 Radiance and Reflectance......Page 55
2.3.5 The Spectrum......Page 56
2.3.7 Working with HSI Data......Page 57
2.3.8 Example: Cuprite, Nevada, USA......Page 59
2.4.1 Infrared Remote Sensing of Sea-Surface Temperature......Page 61
2.4.2 Theoretical Description of SST Retrieval......Page 63
2.4.3 Ocean Color Retrieval......Page 68
2.5 GeoSensor Networks and Sensor Web: The Move Toward Systems of Sensor Systems......Page 79
2.5.1 Sensor Characteristics for WSN Applications......Page 81
2.5.2 Performance Requirements......Page 82
2.5.3 Sensor Web for Earth Sciences and GEOSS......Page 83
References......Page 85
3. Geoinformation Computing Platforms......Page 94
3.1 Introduction......Page 95
3.2.1 Introduction......Page 98
3.2.2 DGC Architecture......Page 100
3.2.3 Methodologies, Algorithms, and Strategies in DGC......Page 101
3.2.4 Applications......Page 106
3.2.5 Future Development......Page 107
3.3.1 Introduction......Page 108
3.3.2 Architecture......Page 109
3.3.3 Case Study: Dust Storm Simulation......Page 111
3.3.4 Future Development......Page 113
3.4.1 Introduction......Page 114
3.4.2 Grid Architecture......Page 115
3.4.3 Grid Computing Applications......Page 121
3.4.4 Discussions and Future......Page 123
3.5.1 Introduction......Page 124
3.5.2 Cloud Computing Types......Page 126
3.5.3 Cloud Computing Architecture......Page 128
3.5.4 Applications......Page 131
3.5.5 Future Development......Page 133
References......Page 135
4.1 Introduction......Page 142
4.2 Data Centric System: EOSDIS......Page 143
4.3 Federation of Earth Science Information Partners......Page 149
4.4 An Example of Integrated Data Search, Access, and Analysis......Page 152
4.4.1 A Use Case......Page 153
4.4 Future Strategies of Data Infrastructure......Page 156
References......Page 157
5. Spatial Data Analysis and Geoinformation Extraction......Page 160
5.1 From Spatial Data to Geoinformation......Page 161
5.2.1 Measuring Spatial Autocorrelation......Page 163
5.2.2 Spatial Interpolation and Geostatistics......Page 170
5.2.3 Spatial Models......Page 175
5.3.1 Introduction......Page 176
5.3.2 Classification......Page 178
5.3.3 Association Rule Mining......Page 179
5.3.4 Clustering......Page 180
5.3.5 Geovisualization......Page 184
5.3.6 Summary......Page 185
5.4 Still and Motion Image Analysis......Page 187
5.4.1 Edge and Junction Detection......Page 188
5.4.2 Linear Feature Extraction......Page 197
5.4.3 Motion Image Analysis......Page 205
References......Page 210
6. Geoinformation Infrastructure (GII)......Page 220
6.1.1 Changing Geoinformation Technology and Infrastructure......Page 222
6.1.2 Spatial Data Distribution and Mapping over the Internet......Page 225
6.1.3 Interoperability Challenge to Information Infrastructure......Page 227
6.2.1 Heterogeneity Problems......Page 228
6.2.2 Interoperability......Page 230
6.2.3 Benefits and Challenges......Page 233
6.3 Web Services and Service-Oriented Computing (SOA)......Page 234
6.3.1 SOAP-Based Web Services......Page 235
6.3.2 Representational State Transfer Web Services......Page 237
6.3.3 Web Services Architecture or SOA......Page 238
6.3.4 SOA Design Principles and Concerns......Page 239
6.4.1 Service-Orientated Architecture......Page 240
6.4.2 OGC Web Services......Page 242
6.4.3 GeOnAS: SOA-Based Geospatial Online Analysis System......Page 246
6.5.1 Spatial Web Portal (SWP)......Page 249
6.5.2 Geobrowser......Page 251
6.6.1 Introduction......Page 254
6.6.2 Technological Architectures of Geoinformation Online Visualization......Page 255
6.6.3 Challenges of Geoinformation Online Visualization......Page 265
6.7 Quality Issues in GII......Page 267
6.7.1 Quality of Spatial Data......Page 268
6.7.2 Quality of Geospatial Information Service......Page 269
6.8 NSDI/GOS/FEA GeoProfile......Page 270
6.8.1 Components of a Spatial Data Infrastructure......Page 271
6.8.3 Framework......Page 272
6.8.4 Services......Page 273
6.8.5 Standardization......Page 275
6.8.7 Summary and Conclusion......Page 281
References......Page 282
7. Geoinformation Knowledge Representation and Applications......Page 290
7.1 Spatial Knowledge......Page 291
7.1.1 How Knowledge Differs from Data and Information......Page 293
7.2 Ontologies......Page 294
7.2.1 Ontologies as Triple Statements......Page 295
7.2.2 Spatial Ontologies......Page 296
7.3.1 Spatial Feature Ontologies......Page 297
7.3.3 Spatial Relation Ontologies......Page 298
7.3.5 Semantic Web for Earth and Environmental Terminology......Page 300
7.3.6 Other Ontologies......Page 301
7.4 Spatial Knowledge Discovery......Page 303
7.5 Knowledge-Based Reasoning......Page 305
7.5.1 Logical Reasoning......Page 306
7.5.2 Numerical Reasoning......Page 308
7.5.4 Spatial Reasoning Applications......Page 310
7.6 Knowledge-Based Fusion......Page 311
7.6.1 Future Potential of Knowledge-Based Fusion......Page 313
References......Page 314
8. Environmental and Related Applications......Page 318
8.1 Introduction......Page 319
8.2.1 GEOSS and the Roles of EPA......Page 320
8.2.2 Air Quality......Page 321
8.2.3 AIRNow......Page 323
8.3.1 Introduction......Page 327
8.3.2 Heat......Page 328
8.3.3 Wildlife-Associated Diseases......Page 333
8.3.4 Oceans......Page 339
8.4 Roles of GIS in Studying Global Climate and Environmental Change......Page 343
8.4.1 Hydrosphere......Page 345
8.4.2 Cryosphere and Sea Ice Research......Page 348
8.5 Other Applications in Social Science......Page 352
8.5.1 Crime Analysis and Public Safety......Page 353
8.5.2 Public Health......Page 354
References......Page 356
9. Other Applications......Page 365
9.1.1 Introduction......Page 367
9.1.2 AOVAS Architecture......Page 368
9.1.3 AOVAS Applications......Page 372
9.1.4 Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 374
9.2.2 Components of GIS-T......Page 375
9.2.3 Applications of GIS-T and LBS......Page 378
9.3.1 Introduction......Page 382
9.3.2 Applications of GIS in Urban Planning......Page 383
9.3.3 Case Studies......Page 387
9.3.4 Conclusions......Page 393
9.4.2 Application of Geoinformation Technologies in Emergency Response......Page 394
9.4.3 Application of Geoinformation Technologies in the Emergency Response of Wenchuan Earthquake......Page 406
9.5.1 Introduction......Page 410
9.5.2 Issues in Data-Intensive ES Education......Page 411
9.5.3 GeoBrain Solution......Page 412
9.5.4 Conclusions......Page 421
References......Page 422
10. Vision for Geoinformation Science......Page 428
10.1.1 Introduction......Page 429
10.1.2 Components of Digital Earth......Page 432
10.1.4 Future Challenges......Page 435
10.2.1 Introduction......Page 436
10.2.2 GEOSS Architecture......Page 437
10.2.3 10-Year Implementation Plan......Page 440
10.2.4 GEOSS Pilot Project: The National Integrated Drought Information System......Page 442
10.3 EcoEarth......Page 445
10.3.1 Ecology and Eco-Civilization......Page 446
10.3.2 Building EcoCities......Page 447
10.3.5 Key Indicators of EcoCity......Page 448
10.3.7 Practical Solutions......Page 449
10.3.8 EcoCity and Geomatics......Page 450
10.4.1 Record of Innovation......Page 453
10.4.2 Future Opportunities and Challenges......Page 457
10.4.3 Conclusion......Page 459
References......Page 460