Advanced Biopolymeric Systems for Drug Delivery

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Biopolymers for Drug Delivery
	1 Introduction
	2 Drug Delivery Systems
	3 Biopolymers
		3.1 Cellulose
		3.2 Chitin and Chitosan
		3.3 Alginate
		3.4 Gellan Gum
		3.5 Pectins
		3.6 Gum Arabica
		3.7 Guar Gum
		3.8 Locust Bean Gum
		3.9 Tamarind Gum
		3.10 Sterculia Gum
		3.11 Natural Starches
		3.12 Gelatin
		3.13 Collagen
		3.14 Albumin
		3.15 Carrageenans
		3.16 Hyaluronic Acid
		3.17 Chondroitin Sulfate
	4 Conclusion
	References
Critical Points in Biopolymeric-Controlled Release Matrix Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Controlled Release Matrix Systems
		2.1 Inert Matrix Systems
		2.2 Hydrophilic Matrices
		2.3 Lipidic Matrices
	3 Percolation Theory
		3.1 Important Concepts
		3.2 The Fundamental Equation of Percolation Theory
		3.3 Different Percolation Models
		3.4 Percolation Theory as a Tool to Study Controlled Release Formulation Critical Points
	4 Matrix Systems Containing Natural Polymers
		4.1 Dextran as Controlled Release Matrix-Forming Excipient
	5 Chemically Modified Natural Polymers
		5.1 Tapioca Starch as Controlled Release Excipient
		5.2 Waxy Maize Starch as Controlled Release Excipient
	6 Matrix Systems Containing Polymers Based on Natural Products
		6.1 Matrix Systems from New Functionalized Polyurethanes
	7 Conclusions
	References
Biopolymeric Gels in Drug Delivery
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification of Gels
		2.1 Hydrogels
		2.2 Emulgels
		2.3 Microgels
		2.4 Nanogels
		2.5 In Situ Gel
		2.6 Vesicular Gel
	3 Biopolymeric Gels
		3.1 Guar Gum
		3.2 Xanthan Gum
		3.3 Shellac
		3.4 Alginate
		3.5 Chitosan
		3.6 Inulin
		3.7 Cellulose
		3.8 Pectin
	4 Conclusion
	References
In Situ Polymeric Gels for Topical Drug Delivery
	1 Introduction
	2 Advantages of In Situ Forming Mucoadhesive Polymeric Delivery Systems
	3 Mechanisms of Formation of In Situ Gel
		3.1 Temperature Modulated In Situ Gelling
		3.2 pH-Induced In Situ Gelling
		3.3 In Situ Gel Formation Due to Chemical Reaction
	4 Factors Affecting the In Situ Gel Formation
		4.1 Ultraviolet Irradiation
	5 Various Methods of Preparation of Sol
		5.1 Dispersion Method
		5.2 Cold Method
	6 Polymers Used in the Preparation of In Situ Gels for Topical Drug Delivery
		6.1 Ion-Activated Systems
		6.2 pH-Responsive System
		6.3 Temperature-Dependent System
		6.4 Nano-In Situ Gelling Systems
	7 Characterization and Evaluation of In Situ Gel
		7.1 Clarity Test
		7.2 Gelling Capacity
		7.3 pH Measurement
		7.4 Determination of Viscosity of Sol and Gel
		7.5 Sol-Gel Transition Time
		7.6 Gel Strength
		7.7 Determination of Sol-Gel Temperature (Tsol-Gel)
		7.8 Determination of pH
		7.9 Spreadability Test
		7.10 Mucoadhesion Studies
		7.11 Ex vivo Permeation Study
		7.12 Drug Content
		7.13 In Vivo Residential Study for Ophthalmic In Situ Gel
		7.14 In Vitro Drug Release Study
	8 Applications of In Situ Gel as a Mode of Drug Delivery
		8.1 Ophthalmic delivery
		8.2 Delivery to Oral Mucosa
		8.3 Topical Delivery in Skin
		8.4 Nasal Delivery
		8.5 Otic Delivery
	9 Conclusion
	References
Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Systems for Smart Drug Delivery
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Physical Stimuli
		1.2 Chemical Stimuli
		1.3 Biological stimuli
	2 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Smart Polysaccharide Hydrogels in Drug Delivery and Release
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Smart Polysaccharide Hydrogels
		1.2 Cellulose and Chitin Hydrogels in Drug Delivery and Drug Release
		1.3 Conclusion
	References
Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles: Nanocarriers for Sustained Delivery of Drugs
	1 Introduction
	2 Polysaccharides
		2.1 Neutral Polysaccharides
		2.2 Cationic Polysaccharide
		2.3 Anionic Polysaccharide
	3 Methods of Synthesis of PNM
		3.1 Self-Assembly Method
		3.2 Ionic Gelation Method
		3.3 Complex Coacervation Method
		3.4 Emulsification Method
		3.5 Desolvation Method
		3.6 Nanoprecipitation or Solvent Displacement Method
	4 Conclusion and Outlooks
	References
Polysaccharide-Based Nanocarriers for Oral Delivery of Insulin in Diabetes
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Insulin
	2 Challenges in Delivery of Insulin
		2.1 Chemical Barrier
		2.2 Enzymatic Barrier
		2.3 Physical Barrier
	3 Nanotechnology and Artificial Intelligence: Neoteric Approach in Drug Delivery
	4 Polysaccharide-Based Nanocarriers: Possible Solution Non-invasive Delivery of Insulin
		4.1 Alginate
		4.2 Chitosan
		4.3 Heparin
		4.4 Hyaluronic Acid
		4.5 Dextran
		4.6 Pullulan
		4.7 Pectin
		4.8 Xanthan Gum
	5 Future Prospects
	References
Interpenetrating Polymer Networks in Sustained Drug-Releasing
	1 Introduction
	2 Interpenetrating Networks (IPNs)
	3 Properties of IPNs
		3.1 Phase Separation
		3.2 Transition Temperature
		3.3 Mechanical Strength
		3.4 Thermal Stability and Chemical Resistance
	4 Classifications
		4.1 On the Basis of Network Structure
		4.2 On the Basis of Chemical Bonding
		4.3 According to the Procedure of Synthesis
	5 Application of IPNs in Sustained Drug Release
		5.1 Alginate-Based IPNs for the Controlled Release of Bovine Albumin Serum and 5-Amino Salicylic Acid
		5.2 Sugarcane Bagasse-Based Cellulose Hydrogels for the Optimized Release of BSA
		5.3 Salecan-Based Semi-IPN Hydrogel for Amoxicillin Delivery
		5.4 Konjac Glucomannan-Poly(acrylic acid)-Based IPN Hydrogel for the Release of Vitamin B12 Drug
		5.5 Silk Sericin/poly(Methacrylic Acid)-Based IPN Hydrogel for the Release of BSA
		5.6 Hyaluronic Acid-Based pH-Sensitive IPN for the Transdermal Delivery of Luteolin
		5.7 Poly(vinyl Alcohol)/Methylcellulose Blend IPN Hydrogels for the Release of Doxycyclinehyclate (DOX-h) Drug
		5.8 Poly (N-Isopropylacrylamide) Copolymerized Acrylic Acid (NIPAAm-Co-AAc)-Based IPN Hydrogel for the Release of Riboflavin Drug
		5.9 IPN Hydrogel Used in External Wound Dressings
		5.10 Poly(Acrylonitrile)-Based IPN Hydrogel for the Release of Fluorescin Sodium Salt (FSS)
	6 Conclusions
	References
Biopolymeric Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery
	1 Introduction
	2 Chitosan and Carboxymethyl Chitosan Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery
	3 Alginate Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery
	4 Hyaluronic Acid Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery
	5 Cellulose Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery
	6 Carboxymethyl Cellulose Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery
	7 Starch Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery
	8 Gellan Gum Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery
	9 Gum Acacia/Gum Arabic Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery
	10 Guar Gum Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery
	11 Gelatin Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery
	12 Chondroitin Sulfate Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery
	13 Pectin Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery
	14 Collagen Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery
	15 Conclusion
	References
Biopolymeric Micelles
	1 Introduction
	2 Description
	3 Types of Polymers Employed in Micellar Formation
	4 Source
	5 Chitosan
	6 Dextran
	7 Heparin
	8 Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic Acid; HA)
	9 Pullulan
	10 Versatility of Polymeric Systems in Different Drug Delivery Routes
	11 Chitosan-The Lead Biopolymer
	12 Drug Loading, Release and Characterization
		12.1 Stirring
		12.2 Heating
		12.3 Ultrasonication
		12.4 Solvent evaporation
		12.5 Dialysis
		12.6 Lyophilization
		12.7 Chemical Cross-Linking [9, 14]
		12.8 Release kinetics
		12.9 Characterization
	13 Stability: In Sync with the Different Dosage Form
		13.1 Thermodynamic stability
		13.2 Kinetic Stability
	14 Proprietary and Pipeline Products
	15 Future Trends
	References
Liposomes for Advanced Drug Delivery
	1 Introduction
	2 Applications of Liposomes in Chemotherapy
		2.1 In Cancer
		2.2 Applications in Other Diseases
	3 Chemotherapy in Combination to Gene Therapy and Immunotherapy
	4 Theranostic Applications
	5 Stimuli-Triggered Liposomes
		5.1 Endogenous Stimuli-Sensitive Drug Delivery Systems
		5.2 Exogenous Stimuli-Sensitive Drug Delivery Systems
	6 Conclusion
	References
Dendrimers for Advanced Drug Delivery
	1 Introduction
	2 Properties of Dendrimer
	3 Method of Synthesis
		3.1 Divergent Method
		3.2 Convergent Method
		3.3 Double Exponential Method
		3.4 Hypercores and Branched Monomers
		3.5 Lego Chemistry
		3.6 Click Chemistry
	4 Types of Dendrimers
		4.1 Carbosilane Dendrimers (CBS)
		4.2 Glycodendrimers
		4.3 Polyamidoamine Dendrimer
		4.4 Peptide Dendrimers
		4.5 Tecto Dendrimers
		4.6 Poly(propyleneimine) (PPI) Dendrimers
	5 Applications of Dendrimer
		5.1 CNS Drug Delivery
		5.2 Ocular Drug Delivery
		5.3 Transdermal Drug Delivery
		5.4 Oral Drug Delivery
		5.5 Dendrimers in Cardiac Disorder
		5.6 Anticancer Drug Delivery
	6 Conclusion
	References
Nanofibers for Filtration Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Nanofibers as Antimicrobial Filters
		2.1 Antimicrobial Polymers
		2.2 Antimicrobial Nano-Fibrous Membranes Developed from Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers
	3 Electrospun Nanofibers Membrane for Air Filtration
	4 Examples for Antimicrobial Nano-Fibrous Membranes Developed from Electrospunpolymers and Applications [18–20]
		4.1 Nanoporous Polystyrene Fibers for Oil Spill Cleanup
		4.2 Nano-Fibrous Membrane for Nanoparticles Removal from Aqueous Solution
	References
Marine Polysaccharides Systems for Drug Delivery Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Role of Alginate in Drug Delivery System (DDS)
		2.1 Alginate-Based Hydrogel
		2.2 Alginate Tablets and Matrixes
		2.3 Alginate-Based Floating Drug Delivery System
	3 Role of Chitosan in a Drug Delivery System
		3.1 Chitosan-Based Material in Oral DDS
		3.2 Chitosan-Based Material in Ocular DDS
	4 Conclusion
	References