Advanced Antimicrobial Materials and Applications

Contents
About the Editors
Antimicrobial Polymers
	1 Introduction
	2 Fundamentals
	3 Polymeric Materials with Intrinsic Antimicrobial Properties
		3.1 Polymers with Ammonium Groups
			3.1.1 Polymers Containing Pyridinium or Imidazolium Rings
			3.1.2 Polymers with Pendant Ammonium Chains
			3.1.3 Polymers with Amines on the Main Chain
			3.1.4 Polymers Derived from Guanidine
			3.1.5 Hyperbranched and Dendritic Ammonium Polymers
		3.2 Polymers with Phosphonium Groups
	4 Halogen-Containing Antimicrobial Polymers: N-halamine Polymers
	5 Antimicrobial Peptides
		5.1 Transmembrane Pore Formation as a Mechanism for Cellular Killing
		5.2 Antimicrobial Resistance and Viability
	6 Antimicrobial Peptide Mimics
	7 Polymers with Added Antimicrobial Agents
		7.1 Metal-Loaded Polymers
		7.2 Polymers with Organic Antimicrobials: Attachment and Immobilization
	8 Zwitterionic Polymers as Antifouling Materials
	9 Conclusions
	References
Starch-Based Antimicrobial Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Source and Structure of Starch
	3 Antimicrobial Property of Starch-Based Materials
	4 Summary
	References
Cellulose-Based Antimicrobial Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Properties of Cellulose
		2.1 Biocompatibility
	3 Chemical Modification of Cellulose
		3.1 Covalent Attachment of Biocide Compounds
		3.2 Quaternary Ammonium Salts
		3.3 Nanoparticles of Noble Metals and Metal Oxides
		3.4 Composites
		3.5 Antimicrobial Enzymes and Peptides
	4 Applications
		4.1 Applications for Skin Tissue Repair
		4.2 Artificial Blood Vessels
		4.3 Wound Dressing
	5 Conclusion
	References
Polymerized Ionic Liquids as Antimicrobial Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Application of Ionic Liquids in Pharmaceutical Field
		2.1 Ionic Liquid Biological Activity
			2.1.1 Polymeric Ionic Liquids
		2.2 Ionic Liquid as Drug Formulation Components
		2.3 Drug Synthesis Using Ionic Liquid
			2.3.1 Production of an Antibacterial Substance from ILs
			2.3.2 ILs Applications in Pharmacy
	3 Conclusions
	References
Silver Composites as Antimicrobial Materials
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Infectious Diseases and the Need for Antimicrobial Agents
	2 Silver
		2.1 Action of Silver on Microorganisms
		2.2 Silver Toxicity
			2.2.1 Common Problems Associated with Silver
				Genotoxicity
				Respiratory Effects
				Dermal/Ocular Effects
				Neurological Effects
	3 Silver Composites
		3.1 Classification of Silver Composites
			3.1.1 Silver-Chitosan Composites
			3.1.2 Silver-Silicon Composites
			3.1.3 Silver-Cotton Composites
			3.1.4 Silver-Polyurethane Composites
			3.1.5 Silver-Epoxy/Clay Composites
			3.1.6 Silver-Polyester Composites
	4 Perspectives and Conclusions
	References
Natural Antimicrobial Materials
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Overview of Antimicrobial Materials
		1.2 Natural Antimicrobial Materials (NAM)
			1.2.1 Natural Antimicrobials
			1.2.2 Sustainability
			1.2.3 Selectivity
			1.2.4 Safety Assessment
		1.3 Classification of Natural Antimicrobial Materials
			1.3.1 Polymers
		1.4 Organic Acids
		1.5 Peptides
		1.6 Polysaccharides
		1.7 Nanomaterials
	2 Factors that Affect Antimicrobial Activity
		2.1 Antimicrobial Properties
		2.2 Mode of Antimicrobial Activity
		2.3 Promising Antimicrobial Properties
	3 Conclusion
	References
Advanced Antimicrobial Materials and Applications: Maleic Anhydride Antimicrobial Polymers
	1 Introduction
	2 Prevention, Control, and Treatment Methods Against Microbes
	3 Antimicrobial Polymers
	4 Maleic Anhydride
		4.1 Maleic Anhydride Polymers
		4.2 Antimicrobial Maleic Anhydride Polymers
			4.2.1 Poly(Styrene-Maleic Anhydride)
			4.2.2 Poly(Methyl Methacrylate-Co-Maleic Anhydride)
			4.2.3 Poly(Maleic Anhydride-Alt-Acrylic Acid)
			4.2.4 Poly(Maleic Anhydride-Co-Vinyl Acetate)
			4.2.5 N-vinyl Amide/Maleic Anhydride Copolymers
			4.2.6 N-halamine Polymeric Compounds
			4.2.7 Maleic Anhydride Polymers with Quaternary Ammonium Salts
		4.3 Concerns About Using Maleic Anhydride Antimicrobial Polymers
	5 Conclusions
	References
Antimicrobial Magnetic Nanoparticles: A Potential Antibiotic Agent in the Era of Multi-Drug Resistance
	1 Introduction
	2 Microbial Resistance
		2.1 Genetics at the DNA Level
		2.2 Biochemistry at the Protein Level
	3 Mode of Action of Magnetic Nanoparticles
		3.1 Cell Membrane Deterioration
		3.2 Discharge of Toxic Ions
		3.3 Interruption of Protein Oxidation, Electron Transport, and Membrane Collapse
		3.4 ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) Generation
		3.5 Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia
	4 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles
		4.1 Conventional Methods
		4.2 Green Methods
		4.3 Advanced Synthesis Methods for Functionalization of Nanoparticles
	5 Characterization of Magnetic Nanocomposites
		5.1 Physicochemical Techniques
			5.1.1 Microscopy
			5.1.2 Spectroscopy
			5.1.3 Magnetometric Techniques
			5.1.4 Other Conventional Techniques
		5.2 Antimicrobial Activity Test
			5.2.1 Disk-Diffusion Method
			5.2.2 Dilution Methods
			5.2.3 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
			5.2.4 Minimum Lethal Concentration (MLC)
			5.2.5 Time-Kill Method
			5.2.6 Flow Cytofluorometric Method
	6 Applications of MNPs
		6.1 MNPs as Antimicrobials
			6.1.1 Size
			6.1.2 Shape/Composite
			6.1.3 Surface Features
			6.1.4 Surface Functionalization
		6.2 MNP-Based Antibiotic Delivery Systems
	7 Limitations of the Current Research and Future Prospects
	8 Conclusion
	References
Antifungal, Antimycotoxigenic, and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils and Medicinal Plant Extracts
	1 Introduction
	2 The EOs and Medicinal Plant Extracts Antifungal Activity
	3 The EOs and Medicinal Plant Extracts Antimycotoxigenic Activity
	4 The EOs and Medicinal Plant Extracts Antioxidant Activity
	5 Conclusion
	References
Antibacterial Electrospun Nanofibres
	1 Introduction
	2 Electrospinning Process
	3 Bioactive Antibacterial Electrospun Nanofibres
		3.1 Natural Polymer Based Nanofibres
			3.1.1 Chitosan Based Nanofibres
			3.1.2 Protein Based Nanofibres
			3.1.3 Cellulose Based Nanofibres
		3.2 Nanofibres Encapsulating Bioactive Plant Extract
		3.3 Composite Nanofibres
	4 Summary
	References
Plant Extracts: Antimicrobial Properties, Mechanisms of Action and Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Plant Extract Sources
		2.1 Alkaloid
		2.2 Phenolics
		2.3 Terpenes and Terpenoids
	3 Antimicrobial Properties of Plant Extract
		3.1 Antibacterial Properties
		3.2 Antifungal Properties
		3.3 Antiviral Properties
		3.4 Antibiofilm Properties
	4 Mechanism of Action
	5 Evaluation Methods for Antimicrobial Activity
		5.1 Diffusion Methods
		5.2 Dilution Methods
	6 Applications of Plant Extracts
	7 Conclusions
	References
Antimicrobial Materials for Local Drug Delivery
	1 Introduction
	2 Mechanisms of Drug Delivery
		2.1 Diffusion-Controlled Systems
			2.1.1 Deposit or Reserve Systems
			2.1.2 Matrix or Monolithic Systems
		2.2 Swelling Controlled Systems
		2.3 Chemical Control Systems
	3 Antimicrobial Drugs: Antibiotics
		3.1 β-lactams
		3.2 Aminoglycosides
		3.3 Azoles
		3.4 Fluoroquinolones
		3.5 Lincosamides
		3.6 Macrolides
		3.7 Sulfonamides
		3.8 Tetracyclines
	4 Antimicrobial Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
	5 Antibiotic Administration Routes
		5.1 Oral
		5.2 Parenteral
			5.2.1 Intravenous
			5.2.2 Intramuscular
		5.3 Topical
		5.4 Ophthalmic
		5.5 Ototopical
	6 Methods to Local Controlled Release
		6.1 Liposomes and Micelles
		6.2 Stimuli Sensitive Polymers
			6.2.1 Thermosensitive Polymers
			6.2.2 pH-Sensitive Polymers
			6.2.3 Magnetic Sensitive Materials
			6.2.4 Ionic Force Sensitive Polymers
			6.2.5 Chemical Sensitive Polymers
	7 Targeted Drug Delivery System
		7.1 Lung-Specific Antibiotic Delivery
		7.2 Brain-Specific Antimicrobial Delivery
		7.3 Ophthalmic-Specific Antimicrobial Delivery
	8 Conclusion
	References
Antimicrobial Membranes for Water Treatment
	1 Introduction
	2 Types of Membranes
		2.1 Ceramic Membranes
		2.2 Polymeric Membranes
	3 Polymeric Membranes Manufacturing
		3.1 Phase Inversion Method
		3.2 Electrospinning Method
		3.3 Track-Etching Method
		3.4 Cross-Linking Method
		3.5 Sol-Gel Method
		3.6 Interfacial Polymerization Method
		3.7 Thin Film Composite Method
		3.8 Molecular Imprinting Method
	4 Antimicrobial Polymeric Membranes
		4.1 Blending
			4.1.1 Organic Fillers
			4.1.2 Inorganic Fillers
		4.2 Grafting
		4.3 Coating
			4.3.1 Modification of Membranes with Nanomaterials
	5 Applications
		5.1 Water Treatment and Purification
		5.2 Antibiotics Separation and Fermentation Broth Concentration
		5.3 Arsenite and Arsenate Removal from Drinking Water
		5.4 Membrane Bioreactor Technology
		5.5 Groundwater Defluoridation and Disinfection
		5.6 Desalination
		5.7 Dye Removal and Textile Wastewater Treatment
		5.8 Wastewater Treatment
		5.9 Oil-Water Separation
		5.10 Produced Water Treatment
		5.11 Pesticide Removal from Water
	6 Conclusion
	References
Antimicrobial Fillers for Dental Restorative Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Dental Caries
	3 Antimicrobial Agents
	4 Restorative Materials in Dentistry
	5 Classification of Nanoparticles
		5.1 Organic Nanomaterials
		5.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials
			5.2.1 Silver NPs
			5.2.2 Zinc Oxide NPs
			5.2.3 Copper and Nickel Oxide NPs
			5.2.4 Titanium Oxide NPs
			5.2.5 Chitosan
				Release Killing method
				Contact Killing method
				Multirelease functional method (Responsive and Synergistic Antimicrobial Properties)
	6 Mechanism of APDT action
	7 Mechanism of Action of NPs
	8 Factors Influencing the Antibacterial Property of NPs
	9 Antimicrobial Fillers in Pulp Capping Agents
	10 Antimicrobial Fillers in Root Canal Sealers
	11 Antimicrobial Fillers in Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC)
	12 Antimicrobial Fillers in Dental Composite Resins
	13 Bioactive Glass (BAG)
	14 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
	15 Methods to Improve Mechanical Property
	16 Chlorhexidine
	17 Antimicrobial Fillers in Dental Implants
	18 Denture Base Resins
	19 Denture Stomatitis
	20 Antimicrobial Fillers in Denture Base Resins
	21 Antimicrobial Fillers for Other Applications
	22 Conclusion
	References
Molecular Imprinting Technology: A New Approach for Antibacterial Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 History and Types of MIT\'s
		2.1 Stimuli-Responsive Imprinting Technologies
			2.1.1 Magnetic Responsive Technology
			2.1.2 Photo-Responsive Technology MIPs (P-MIPs)
			2.1.3 Other Responsive Imprinting Technologies
		2.2 The Components of MIT´s
			2.2.1 Target Template
			2.2.2 Functional Monomers
			2.2.3 Cross-Linkers
			2.2.4 Porogens
			2.2.5 MIP Initiators
	3 Characterization of MIPs or Biomaterials
	4 Application of MIT´s
		4.1 Pharmaceuticals (Antibiotics)
			4.1.1 Sample Analysis
			4.1.2 Preparation of Pharmaceutical Templates
			4.1.3 Chitosan as a Pharmaceutical Template
		4.2 Sol-Gel-Derived Biomaterials
		4.3 Antibacterial Coating
		4.4 Biomedical Application of MITs
			4.4.1 Biomaterial Scaffold
			4.4.2 Cell Coating
			4.4.3 Biosensors
		4.5 Social-Economic Interest
	5 Conclusion
	References