Adsorbed Layers on Surfaces. Part 2: Measuring Techniques and Surface Properties Changed by Adsorption

Title Page......Page 2
Fig. 57 - 82......Page 0
Preface......Page 4
Contributors......Page 5
2.1  Introduction......Page 14
2.2  Direct methods......Page 17
2.3  Techniques based on a mass spectrometer......Page 20
2.4  Techniques for a chemical analysis......Page 22
2.5  Structural sensitive techniques......Page 26
2.6  Imaging techniques......Page 34
2.7  Vibrational spectroscopy of adsorbed particles......Page 38
2.8  Techniques probing the electronic structure......Page 41
2.9  Nonlinear optical techniques......Page 45
2.10  Bulk techniques - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)......Page 46
References for 2......Page 48
4.1.2  Relaxation vs. reconstruction......Page 56
4.1.3  Notations and conventions......Page 58
4.1.5  Organization of data for individual structures......Page 59
4.1.7  Adsorption on hcp(0001)......Page 61
4.1.9  Adsorption on fcc (100)......Page 62
4.1.11  Adsorption on fcc (110)......Page 63
4.1.15  Adsorption on Si, Ge and C(111)......Page 64
4.1.18  Adsorption on zincblende(110)......Page 65
Acknowledgments......Page 66
Table 1.  Techniques used for surface structure determination; listed by their acronyms......Page 67
Table 2.  Structures of clean fcc(111) surfaces......Page 69
Table 3.  Adsorbate-induced structures on fcc(111) surfaces......Page 70
Table 5.  Adsorbate-induced structures on hcp(0001) surfaces......Page 86
Table 6.  Structures of clean bcc(110) surfaces......Page 98
Table 7.  Adsorbate-induced structures on bcc(110) surfaces......Page 99
Table 8.  Structures of clean fcc(100) surfaces......Page 100
Table 9.  Adsorbate-induced structures on fcc(100) surfaces......Page 102
Table 10.  Structures of clean bcc(100) surfaces......Page 112
Table 11.  Adsorbate-induced structures on bcc(100) surfaces......Page 113
Table 12.  Structures of clean alloyed bcc(100) surfaces......Page 117
Table 13.  Adsorbate-induced structures on alloyed bcc(100) surfaces......Page 118
Table 14.  Structures of clean fcc(110) surfaces......Page 119
Table 15.  Adsorbate-induced structures on fcc(110) surfaces......Page 122
Table 16.  Structures of clean hcp(10-10) surfaces......Page 130
Table 17.  Adsorbate-induced structures on hcp(10-10) surfaces......Page 131
Table 18.  Structures of clean bcc(211) surfaces......Page 132
Table 19.  Adsorbate-induced structures on bcc(211) surfaces......Page 133
Table 21.  Adsorbate-induced structures on bcc(111) surfaces......Page 134
Table 23.  Adsorbate-induced structures on Si; Ge and C (111) surfaces......Page 135
Table 24.  Structures of clean Si and Ge (100) surfaces......Page 141
Table 25.  Adsorbate-induced structures on Si and Ge (100) surfaces......Page 142
Table 27.  Adsorbate-induced structures on Si(311) surfaces......Page 146
Table 28.  Structures of clean zincblende(110) surfaces......Page 147
Table 29.  Adsorbate-induced structures on zincblende(110) surfaces......Page 148
Table 30.  Structures of clean zincblende(111) surfaces......Page 150
Table 33.  Adsorbate-induced structures on zincblende(-1-1-1) surfaces......Page 151
Table 35.  Adsorbate-induced structures on zincblende(100) surfaces......Page 152
Table 37.  Adsorbate-induced structures on 6H-SiC(0001) surfaces......Page 153
Figures for 4.1......Page 154
References for 4.1......Page 164
4.2.1  Introduction......Page 178
4.2.2  Rare gases......Page 184
4.2.3.1  Hydrogen, Deuterium......Page 190
4.2.3.2  Carbon and C60......Page 195
4.2.3.3  Nitrogen......Page 196
4.2.3.4  Oxygen......Page 197
4.2.3.5  Sulfur......Page 206
4.2.3.7  Tellurium......Page 208
4.2.3.8  Chlorine......Page 209
4.2.3.9  Bromine......Page 211
4.2.4  Small molecules......Page 212
4.2.5  Nonpolar hydrocarbons......Page 228
4.2.6  Polar hydrocarbons......Page 235
4.2.7  Halohydrocarbons......Page 237
4.2.8  Other hydrocarbons......Page 239
4.2.9  Alkali metals......Page 240
4.2.10  Noble metals......Page 253
4.2.11  3d transition metals......Page 260
4.2.12  4d transition metals......Page 263
4.2.13  5d transition metals......Page 266
4.2.14  Rare-earth metals......Page 268
4.2.15  Group IIa metals......Page 270
4.2.16  Group IIIa metals......Page 272
4.2.17  Group IVa elements......Page 273
4.2.18  Group Va elements......Page 275
4.2.19  Other elements......Page 276
Figures for 4.2......Page 277
References for 4.2......Page 295
4.4.1  Introduction......Page 316
4.4.2  Experimental determination of surface free energy......Page 317
4.4.2.1  Cleavage experiments......Page 318
4.4.2.2  Pendant drop and drop weight method......Page 319
4.4.2.3  Zero creep experiments......Page 320
4.4.2.4  Orientation dependence of the surface free energy......Page 321
4.4.3.1  Lattice parameter of small particles......Page 323
4.4.3.3  Absolute surface stress from the bending of thin crystal plates......Page 324
4.4.4  Experimental determination of changes of surface stress due to adsorption......Page 326
4.4.5  Calculations of surface free energy and surface stress......Page 329
4.4.5.2  Ionic crystals......Page 330
4.4.5.4  Group IV materials......Page 331
4.4.5.6  Calculated adsorbate-induced surface stress......Page 332
4.4.6  Data......Page 334
4.4.7.2  Surface free energy of metals near the melting point......Page 335
4.4.7.3  Temperature dependence of the surface free energy......Page 337
4.4.7.4  Calculated surface free energy and surface stress for inert gas crystals......Page 338
4.4.7.6  Calculated surface free energy and surface stress of III-V compounds......Page 339
4.4.7.7  Calculated surface free energy and surface stress for Si and Ge......Page 340
4.4.7.8  Calculated adsorbate-induced changes of stress on semiconductor surfaces......Page 341
4.4.7.9  Calculated surface free energies of metals......Page 342
4.4.7.10  Calculated surface stress......Page 348
4.4.8  Adsorbate-induced changes of surface free energy......Page 350
4.4.9.1  Gas adsorption......Page 352
4.4.9.3  Semiconductor and metal deposition......Page 356
References for 4.4......Page 360
4.5.1.1  Background and general layout......Page 366
4.5.1.3  Folding of the surface Brillouin zone by symmetry reduction, mode mixing, phonon crossing and opening of energy gaps......Page 368
4.5.1.4  Phonon anomalies......Page 369
4.5.1.5  Dispersion of adsorbate induced modes......Page 371
4.5.2  Data collection......Page 372
4.5.2.2  Metal surfaces......Page 374
4.5.2.3  Elemental semiconductors and insulators......Page 385
4.5.2.4  Compound semiconductors......Page 387
4.5.2.5  Oxides and Salts......Page 388
Acknowledgements......Page 389
Fig. 1 - 28......Page 390
Fig. 29 - 56......Page 403
Fig. 57 - 82......Page 417
References for 4.5......Page 433