Adolescent Health Sourcebook (Health Reference Series)

Cover......Page 1
Copyright......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
About This Book......Page 16
How to Use This Book......Page 17
Bibliographic Note......Page 18
About the Health Reference Series......Page 19
Medical Consultant......Page 20
Health Reference Series Update Policy......Page 21
Part One - An Overview of Adolescent Health......Page 22
Overweight......Page 24
Suicide Ideation and Attempts......Page 25
Alcohol-Related Emergency Department Visits......Page 26
Death Rates......Page 27
Motor Vehicle-and Firearm-Related Deaths......Page 28
Health Care Coverage......Page 29
Family and Social Environment......Page 30
Health Care......Page 31
Behavior......Page 32
Student Health and Academic Achievement......Page 33
Early Adolescence (12–14 Years Old)......Page 36
Middle Adolescence (15–17 Years Old)......Page 38
4. Understanding Adolescent Brain Development......Page 42
Key Findings......Page 46
Adolescent Risk-Taking: Healthy vs. Unhealthy......Page 48
Guiding a Child or Teen in Risk Assessment......Page 49
10 Tips for Parents: Understanding Your Adolescent’s Behavior......Page 50
6. For Parents: Talking to Teens about Health Issues......Page 52
Section 6.1 - Communicating with Your Teen......Page 53
Why Teens Take Risks......Page 55
Be Involved......Page 56
Set Limits......Page 57
Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Signs and Symptoms......Page 58
If You Suspect a Problem......Page 59
Section 6.3 - Talking about Sex......Page 60
Talk about Everyday Stuff—and Do It Every Day......Page 62
Raising Dif.cult Topics......Page 63
How to Talk So Parents Will Listen......Page 64
What If Talking to Parents Doesn’t Work?......Page 65
Part Two - Staying Healthy during Adolescence......Page 66
8. Medical Care and Your Teen......Page 68
What to Expect at the Doctor’s Office......Page 69
If You Suspect a Medical Problem......Page 70
Common Medical Problems......Page 71
Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis (Whooping Cough) (Tdap, Td)......Page 72
Pneumococcal Disease (Pneumococcal Shot)......Page 73
Do You Travel outside the United States?......Page 74
9. Nutrition Recommendations for Teens......Page 76
10. Talking with Your Teen about Healthy Food Choices......Page 80
11. Calcium, Vitamin D, and Teens......Page 84
Section 11.1 - Facts about Calcium......Page 85
Study Highlights......Page 88
12. Teens and Caffeine Use......Page 92
Caffeine Concerns......Page 93
Choosing Wisely......Page 94
Section 12.2 - Caffeine and Teens’ Sleep......Page 95
13. Physical Activity and Teens......Page 98
Turn off the TV......Page 99
Making It Work......Page 100
Safety Issues and Concerns......Page 102
Definitions......Page 103
Training Program......Page 104
Section 13.3 - Sport Specialization: Advantages and Disadvantages......Page 105
14. Weight Management in Teens......Page 108
Section 14.1 - Understanding Your Teen’s Body Mass Index Measurement......Page 109
Section 14.2 - Helping Your Overweight Child......Page 112
15. Body Image in Youth......Page 116
What Influences a Person’s Self-Esteem?......Page 117
Where Can I Go If I Need Help?......Page 119
What Is Plastic Surgery?......Page 120
Why Do Teens Get Plastic Surgery?......Page 121
Things to Consider......Page 122
What’s Involved?......Page 123
16. Sleep and Adolescents......Page 124
Less Sleep, More Problems......Page 125
When to Seek Help......Page 126
Sleep-Smart Tips for Parents and Teens......Page 127
Part Three - Puberty, Sexuality, and Reproductive Health......Page 130
Sexual Activity......Page 132
Access to Contraceptive Services......Page 133
Pregnancy......Page 134
Abortion......Page 135
References......Page 136
18. Puberty and Male Sexual Development......Page 138
Male Reproductive System......Page 139
Sexual Development of Boys......Page 140
19. Male Reproductive Concerns......Page 144
Section 19.1 - How to Do a Testicular Self-Exam......Page 145
What Disorders Affect the Testes?......Page 147
Causes......Page 152
When to Contact a Medical Professional......Page 153
Intervention......Page 154
20. Puberty and Female Sexual Development......Page 156
Female Reproductive System......Page 157
Sexual Development of Girls......Page 158
21. Menstruation and the Menstrual Cycle......Page 162
22. Female Reproductive Health Concerns......Page 168
Choosing the Right Doctor......Page 169
What Happens When You Go for Your Gyn Exam......Page 170
The Breast Exam......Page 171
The Internal Exam......Page 172
STD Tests......Page 173
After the Exam......Page 174
Section 22.2 - Premenstrual Syndrome......Page 175
Section 22.3 - Menstrual Irregularities......Page 178
Section 22.4 - Vaginal Discharge Concerns......Page 180
Section 22.5 - Vaginal Yeast Infections......Page 182
23. Precocious and Delayed Puberty......Page 186
Section 23.1 - Precocious Puberty......Page 187
What Is Delayed Puberty?......Page 189
What Causes Delayed Puberty?......Page 190
Dealing with Delayed Puberty......Page 191
24. Teaching Teens about Sexual Activity......Page 194
Section 24.1 - Making Healthy Sexual Decisions......Page 195
Sex and Pregnancy among Teens......Page 199
Sex Education: Teachers’ Perspectives......Page 200
Government Support of Abstinence-Only Education......Page 201
Sources......Page 202
25. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and Their Prevention......Page 206
Section 25.1 - Frequently Asked Questions about STDs......Page 207
STD Testing at a Glance......Page 209
How are STD tests done?......Page 211
Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Information for Young Women......Page 212
Gardasil Vaccine for Boys......Page 216
Section 25.4 - Practicing Safer Sex: What It Means......Page 217
Section 25.5 - Talking to Your Partner about Condoms......Page 223
Timing......Page 224
26.Understanding Abstinence......Page 226
Choosing Birth Control (Contraception)......Page 230
Types of Birth Control......Page 231
Effectiveness and Side Effects......Page 236
Foams and Gels......Page 237
Withdrawal Method......Page 238
28. Teen Pregnancy......Page 240
Section 28.1 - Statistics on Teen Pregnancy in the United States......Page 241
State Levels and Trends......Page 242
Discussion......Page 243
Teen Parenthood......Page 245
Stories about Choices......Page 246
Ditch the Smokes......Page 247
Weighing In......Page 248
Sexual Orientation at a Glance......Page 250
What Is the Kinsey Scale?......Page 251
What Is Coming Out?......Page 252
What Are the Results of Homophobia?......Page 253
Fighting Homophobia......Page 254
30. Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Youth......Page 256
Part Four - Common Health Concerns of Teens and Their Parents......Page 264
What Are Chronic Illnesses?......Page 266
The Coping Process......Page 267
Tools for Taking Control......Page 268
Play an Active Role in Your Health Care......Page 269
Living with a Health Condition......Page 270
32. Acne......Page 272
What Are Allergies?......Page 276
What Things Are People Are Allergic to?......Page 277
Avoidance......Page 278
Shots......Page 279
Dealing with Allergies......Page 280
Learning about Asthma......Page 282
Emergency Warning Signs......Page 283
Make an Asthma Action Plan......Page 284
Learn What May Trigger Your Child’s Asthma......Page 285
Cancer in Children......Page 286
Care for Children and Adolescents with Cancer......Page 287
Childhood Cancers: Questions and Answers......Page 288
Type 1 Diabetes......Page 292
Type 2 Diabetes......Page 293
Statistics......Page 295
Treatment Strategies......Page 296
37. Growing Pains and Growth Disorders......Page 298
Section 37.1 - Growing Pains......Page 299
Overview......Page 301
Growth Hormone Excess......Page 302
Growth Hormone Deficiency......Page 305
Lifestyle and Prevention......Page 308
38. Juvenile Arthritis......Page 310
39. Infections Often Spread in Schools......Page 314
Symptoms of Flu......Page 315
Preventing Seasonal Flu: Get Vaccinated......Page 316
H1N1 Flu......Page 317
Influenza at School......Page 318
Facts about Meningococcal Disease......Page 320
Be Alert: Early Flu-Like Symptoms......Page 321
Find out More......Page 322
Section 39.3 - Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Schools......Page 323
Symptoms......Page 325
Treatment......Page 326
When to Contact a Medical Professional......Page 327
What Is a Staph Infection?......Page 328
Serious Staph Infections......Page 329
What Are the Signs of a Staph Skin Infection?......Page 330
What Can I Do to Feel Better?......Page 331
Causes......Page 334
Treatment......Page 335
Prevention......Page 336
41. Scoliosis......Page 338
Section 41.1 - Scoliosis: A Guide for Teens......Page 339
Improved, Less Invasive Options......Page 343
Morgan’s Back......Page 344
Part Five - Emotional, Social, and Mental Health Concerns in Adolescents......Page 346
42. Adolescent Stress......Page 348
Warning Signs......Page 349
References......Page 350
43. School Pressures......Page 352
Symptoms......Page 353
Tips for Managing Test Anxiety......Page 354
New Methods......Page 355
Many Reasons......Page 356
Needed Answers......Page 357
Section 43.3 - Helping Your Child Feel Connected to School......Page 358
44. Adolescent Social Development and Concerns......Page 362
Feeling Good......Page 363
Helping Out......Page 364
Assessing the Group......Page 365
When It’s Time to Step In......Page 366
Why Peer Pressure Can Work......Page 367
Peer Pressure Can Be Good......Page 368
Resisting Spoken Pressure......Page 369
Resisting Unspoken Pressure......Page 370
45. Facts about Mental Health Disorders in Youth......Page 372
Overview......Page 373
46. Treating Mental Health Disorders in Teens......Page 376
47. Depression......Page 382
Section 47.1 - Depression in Teens......Page 383
Section 47.2 - Antidepressants and Teens......Page 387
48. Other Common Mental Health Disorders Affecting Adolescents......Page 390
Section 48.1 - Anxiety Disorders......Page 391
Section 48.2 - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)......Page 396
Section 48.3 - Bipolar Disorder in Children and Teens......Page 400
Section 48.4 - Borderline Personality Disorder......Page 404
Section 48.5 - Conduct Disorder......Page 406
Section 48.6 - Eating Disorders......Page 407
Section 48.7 - Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)......Page 412
Section 48.8 - Schizophrenia in Teens......Page 414
Treatment for Schizophrenia......Page 416
Prevention of Schizophrenia......Page 417
When Should Tics Be Treated?......Page 418
Can Tics Be Treated without Medication?......Page 419
Things You Should Know about Medications for Tics......Page 420
Approach to Treatment of Tics and Tourette Syndrome......Page 421
Possible Side Effects of Clonidine or Guanfacine......Page 422
Other Options......Page 423
Tips on When You Should Call/E-mail Us......Page 424
When Can the Medicines Be Stopped?......Page 425
49. Cutting and Self-Injury......Page 426
50. Teen Suicide......Page 430
Section 50.1 - Facts about Teen Suicide......Page 431
Section 50.2 - Risk Factors and Warning Signs......Page 433
Warning Signs......Page 434
What to Do......Page 435
Part Six - Substance Abuse and Adolescents......Page 436
51. Addiction and the Adolescent Brain......Page 438
What Is Substance Abuse?......Page 444
What Are the Symptoms of Teen Substance Abuse?......Page 445
How Is Substance Abuse Diagnosed?......Page 446
How Is Teen Substance Abuse Treated?......Page 447
Professionals and Programs......Page 449
53. Smoking and Nicotine Use in Adolescents......Page 452
Section 53.1 - Nicotine Addiction......Page 453
Section 53.2 - Smokeless Tobacco......Page 457
Section 53.3 - Hookah (Water Pipe) Smoking......Page 459
Section 53.4 - Smoking and How to Quit......Page 461
How to Quit......Page 462
54. Alcohol Use in Adolescents......Page 464
Section 54.1 - Why Do Adolescents Drink, What Are the Risks, and How Can Underage Drinking Be Prevented?......Page 465
Why Do Some Adolescents Drink?......Page 466
Interventions for Preventing Underage Drinking......Page 469
Section 54.2 - Talk to Your Child about Alcohol......Page 471
Talking with Your Teen about Alcohol......Page 472
Warning Signs of a Drinking Problem......Page 475
55. Marijuana......Page 476
Parents’ Questions and Answers......Page 480
57. Inhalants......Page 484
Part Seven - Adolescent Safety Concerns......Page 490
58. Driving Safety for Teens......Page 492
Section 58.1 - Facts about Teen Drivers......Page 493
How Does Technology Relate to the Crash Rates and Driving Behaviors of Novice Teen Drivers?......Page 495
Potential Impact of Emerging Technologies on Driving Safety and Risk......Page 496
Attempts to Increase Effectiveness of Technology and Next Steps......Page 497
References......Page 498
Section 58.3 - Tips for Teen Drivers......Page 499
59. Media, Gaming, and Internet Safety......Page 502
Section 59.1 - How Teens Interact Online......Page 503
Sticking Close to Home......Page 504
Dangerous Connections......Page 505
Section 59.2 - Statistics about Online Sexual Solicitation......Page 507
Section 59.3 - Computer and Video Game Addiction......Page 509
Sources......Page 511
Section 59.4 - Protecting Teens’ Privacy Online......Page 512
Section 59.5 - Social Networking Sites: Safety Tips for Teens......Page 513
Examples of Electronic Aggression......Page 515
Tips for Parents and Caregivers......Page 516
60. Skin Safety Concerns......Page 518
Section 60.1 - Body Piercing: A Guide for Teens......Page 519
Section 60.2 - Cosmetics: Frequently Asked Questions......Page 528
Section 60.3 - Safe Hair Removal......Page 532
Premature Aging......Page 533
Eye Damage (Photokeratitis)......Page 534
Immune System Suppression......Page 535
Section 60.5 - Tattoos and Teens......Page 536
Athlete’s Foot (Tinea Pedis)......Page 538
Ringworm......Page 539
Are You a Working Teen?......Page 542
Promoting Safe Work for Young Workers......Page 545
62. Other Teen Safety Concerns......Page 548
Section 62.1 - Adolescent Sports Injuries......Page 549
Conclusion......Page 551
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss......Page 552
How Loud Is Too Loud?......Page 553
What Are Repetitive Stress Injuries?......Page 555
What Happens When Teens Have RSIs?......Page 556
What Kinds of Repetitive Stress Injuries Can Teens Get?......Page 557
Preventing Repetitive Stress Injuries......Page 558
What Do Doctors Do?......Page 559
Taking Care of Yourself......Page 560
Part Eight - Violence against Adolescents......Page 562
63. Youth Violence: A Public Health Problem......Page 564
Nonfatal Injuries due to Violence......Page 565
School Violence......Page 566
Juvenile Arrests......Page 567
Risk Factors for the Perpetration of Youth Violence......Page 568
Protective Factors for the Perpetration of Youth Violence......Page 569
Reasons for Violence......Page 571
Recognizing Violence Warning Signs in Others......Page 572
Dealing with Anger......Page 573
Controlling Your Own Risk for Violent Behavior......Page 574
Violence against Self......Page 575
64. Bullying and Hazing......Page 578
Risk Factors for Bullying Behavior......Page 579
Long-Term Impact on Youth......Page 580
Effective Programs......Page 581
Why Do Kids Bully?......Page 582
Do You Bully?......Page 583
Effects of Bullying......Page 584
Hazing Statutes......Page 585
Hazing in View: High School Students at Risk......Page 586
The Game That Kills......Page 590
Look for the Warning Signs......Page 591
Make Sure Your Loved Ones Understand......Page 592
66. Dating Violence and Abusive Relationships......Page 594
Victims and Perpetrators: What the Research Says......Page 595
Applying Adult Perspectives to Teen Dating Violence......Page 596
How Teen Dating Violence Differs: Equal Power......Page 597
The Influence of Peers......Page 598
Where Do We Go from Here?......Page 599
67. Sexual Assault......Page 602
Membership on the Rise......Page 606
Not Just an Inner-City Problem......Page 607
Gangs at School......Page 608
What Is Trauma?......Page 610
How Parents Can Help......Page 611
How Teens React to Trauma......Page 612
Part Nine - Additional Help and Information......Page 616
70. Glossary of Terms about Adolescent Health......Page 618
Government Agencies That Provide Information about Adolescent Health......Page 626
Private Agencies That Provide Information about Adolescent Health......Page 630
Hotlines and Referral Services for Teens: Assistance for Specific Concerns......Page 637
Index......Page 642